(b) Black ash.  Wood more porous, lighter, softer, weaker, and darker
    colored than white ash.  Pores in late wood fewer and larger and
    rarely joined by tangential lines of wood parenchyma.

    The wood of the ashes is used for wagon and carriage stock,
    agricultural implements, oars, furniture, interior finish, and
    cooperage.  It is the best wood for bent work.

[Illustration:  FIG. 149.—­Hickory Wood. (Magnified 45 times.)]

2.  Locust.  Pores in early wood in a rather narrow band, round, variable
    in size, densely filled with tyloses.  Color varying from golden
    yellow to brown, often with greenish hue.  Very thin sapwood, white. 
    Odorless and almost tasteless.  Wood extremely heavy and hard,
    cutting like horn.  Locust bears little resemblance to ash, being
    harder, heavier, of a different color, with more distinct rays, and
    with the pores in late wood in larger groups.

    The wood is used for posts, cross-ties, wagon hubs, and insulator
    pins.  It is very durable in contact with the ground.

(c) Pores in late wood comparatively large, not in groups or lines.  Wood parenchyma in numerous fine but distinct tangential lines.

[Illustration:  FIG. 150.—­Elm. (Magnified 25 times.)]

Hickory, Fig. 149.  Pores in early wood moderately large, not abundant,
    nearly round, filled with tyloses.  Color brown to reddish brown;
    thick sapwood, white.  Odorless and tasteless.  Wood very heavy, hard,
    and strong.  Hickory is readily separated from ash by the fine
    tangential lines of wood parenchyma and from oak by the absence of
    large rays.

    The wood is largely used for vehicles, tool handles, agricultural
    implements, athletic goods, and fuel.

(d) Pores in late wood small and in conspicuous wavy tangential bands.  Wood parenchyma not in tangential lines.

Elm.  Pores in early wood not large and mostly in a single row, Fig. 150
    (several rows in slippery elm), round, tyloses present.  Color brown,
    often with reddish tinge.  Odorless and tasteless.  Wood rather heavy
    and hard, tough, often difficult to split.  The peculiar arrangement
    of the pores in the late wood readily distinguishes elm from all
    other woods except hackberry, from which it may be told by the
    fact that in elm the medullary rays are indistinct, while they are
    quite distinct in hackberry; moreover, the color of hackberry is
    yellow or grayish yellow instead of brown or reddish brown as in
    elm.

    The wood is used principally for slack cooperage; also for hubs,
    baskets, agricultural implements, and fuel.

[Illustration:  FIG. 151.—­(Magnified about 8 times.)]

B. Diffuse-porous.

1.  Pores varying in size from rather large to minute, the largest being in the early wood.  Intermediate between ring-porous and diffuse-porous.