confined to suppressed trees, dead and
    dying trees and trees badly infested with insects and disease.  In
    case of farm woodlands, mature trees of market value may be cut, but
    in parks and on private estates these have a greater value when left
    standing.  The cutting should leave a clean stand of well-selected
    specimens which will thrive under the favorable influence of more
    light and growing space.  Considerable care is required to prevent
    injury to the young trees when the older specimens are cut and
    hauled out of the woods.  The marking of the trees to be removed can
    best be done in summer when the dead and live trees can be
    distinguished with ease and when the requisite growing space for
    each tree can be judged better from the density of the crowns.  The
    cutting, however, can be done most advantageously in winter.

Immediately after cutting all diseased and infested wood should be destroyed.  The sound wood may be utilized for various purposes.  The bigger logs may be sold to the local lumber dealers and the smaller material may be used for firewood.  The remaining brush should be withdrawn from the woodlot to prevent fire during the dry summer months.

In marking trees for removal, a number of considerations are to be borne in mind besides the elimination of dead, diseased and suppressed trees.  When the marker is working among crowding trees of equal height, he should save those that are most likely to grow into fine specimen trees and cut out all those that interfere with them.  The selection must also favor trees which are best adapted to the local soil and climatic conditions and those which will add to the beauty of the place.  In this respect the method of marking will be different from that used in commercial forestry, where the aim is to net the greatest profit from the timber.  In pure forestry practice, one sees no value in such species as dogwood, ironwood, juneberry, sumac and sassafras, and will therefore never allow those to grow up in abundance and crowd out other trees of a higher market value.  But on private estates and in park woodlands where beauty is an important consideration, such species add wonderful color and attractiveness to the forest scene, especially along the roads and paths, and should be favored as much as the other hardier trees.  One must not mark too severely in one spot or the soil will be dried out from exposure to sun and wind.  When the gaps between the trees are too large, the trees will grow more slowly and the trunks will become covered with numerous shoots or suckers which deprive the crowns of their necessary food and cause them to “die back.”  Where the trees are tall and slim or on short and steep hillsides, it is also important to be conservative in marking in order that the stand may not be exposed to the dangers of windfall.  No hard-and-fast rule can be laid down as to what