species used for underplanting.  A list from which to select the main stock would, therefore, vary with the locality.  In the Eastern States it would comprise the usual hardy trees like the red, pin and scarlet oaks, the beech, the red and sugar maples, the white ash, the tulip tree, sycamore, sweet gum and locust among the deciduous trees; the white, Austrian, red, pitch and Scotch pines, the hemlock and the yew among the conifers.

With the main stock well selected, one may add a number of trees and shrubs that will give to the woodland scene a pleasing appearance at all seasons.  The brilliant autumnal tints of the sassafras, pepperidge, blue beech, viburnum, juneberry and sumach are strikingly attractive.  The flowering dogwood along the drives and paths will add a charm in June as well as in autumn and an occasional group of white birch will have the same effect if planted among groups of evergreens.  Additional undergrowth of native woodland shrubs, such as New Jersey tea, red-berried elder and blueberry for the Eastern States, will augment the naturalness of the scene and help to conserve the moisture in the soil.

Two or three years’ growth will raise these plants above all grass and low vegetation, and a sprinkling of laurel, rhododendron, hardy ferns and a few intermingling colonies of native wild flowers such as bloodroot, false Solomon’s seal and columbines for the East, as a ground cover will put the finishing touches to the forest scene.

As to methods of planting the little trees, the following suggestions may prove of value.  As soon as the plants are received, they should be taken from the box and dipped in a thick puddle of water and loam.  The roots must be thoroughly covered with the mud.  Then the bundles into which the little trees are tied should be loosened and the trees placed in a trench dug on a slant.  The dirt should be placed over the roots and the exposed parts of the plants covered with brush or burlap to keep away the rays of the sun.

When ready for planting, a few plants are dug up, set in a pail with thin mud at the bottom and carried to the place of planting.  The most economical method of planting is for one man to make the holes with a mattock.  These holes are made about a foot in diameter, by scraping off the sod with the mattock and then digging a little hole in the dirt underneath.  A second man follows with a pail of plants and sets a single plant in this hole with his hands, see Fig. 129, making sure that the roots are straight and spread out on the bottom of the hole.  The dirt should then be packed firmly around the plant and pressed down with the foot.

Improvement by cutting:  The removal of certain trees in a grove is often
    necessary to improve the quality of the better trees, increase their
    growth, make the place accessible, and enhance its beauty.  Cutting
    in a wooded area should be