[Illustration:  FIG. 132.—­The Result of a Forest Fire.  The trees, lodgepole pine and Englemann spruce, are all dead and down.  Photograph taken in the Colorado National Forest, Colorado.]

By wasteful lumbering is meant that the forest is cut with no regard for the future and with considerable waste in the utilization of the product.  Conservative lumbering, which is the term used by foresters to designate the opposite of wasteful lumbering, will be described more fully later in this study.

Protection from fire is no less important than protection from wasteful lumbering.  Forest fires are very common in this country and cause incalculable destruction to life and property; see Fig. 132.  From ten to twelve million acres of forest-land are burnt over annually and the timber destroyed is estimated at fifty millions of dollars.  The history of Forestry abounds in tales of destructive fires, where thousands of persons have been killed or left destitute, whole towns wiped out, and millions of dollars in property destroyed.  In most cases, these uncontrollable fires started from small conflagrations that could readily, with proper fire-patrol, have been put out.

There are various ways of fighting fires, depending on the character of the fire,—­whether it is a surface fire, burning along the surface layer of dry leaves and small ground vegetation, a ground fire, burning below the surface, through the layer of soil and vegetable matter that generally lines the forest floor, or a top fire, burning high up in the trees.

When the fire runs along the surface only, the injury extends to the butts of the trees and to the young seedlings.  Such fires can be put out by throwing dirt or sand over the fire, by beating it, and, sometimes, by merely raking the leaves away.

    Ground fires destroy the vegetable mold which the trees need for
    their sustenance.  They progress slowly and kill or weaken the roots
    of the trees.

[Illustration:  FIG. 133.—­A Top Fire near Bear Canyon, Arizona.]

Top fires, Fig. 133, are the most dangerous, destroying everything in their way.  They generally develop from surface fires, though sometimes they are started by lightning.  They are more common in coniferous forests, because the leaves of hardwoods do not burn so readily.  Checking the progress of a top fire is a difficult matter.  Some fires will travel as rapidly as five miles an hour, and the heat is terrific.  The only salvation for the forest lies, in many cases, in a sudden downpour of rain, a change of wind, or some barrier which the fire cannot pass.  A barrier of this kind is often made by starting another fire some distance ahead of the principal one, so that when the two fires meet, they will die out for want of fuel.  In well-kept forests, strips or lanes, free from inflammable material, are often purposely