One of the first acts of James the First of England, on his accession to the throne in 1603, was the conclusion, by a peace with Spain, of the long war so gloriously signalized by the destruction of the Armada.  The pacific policy wherewith he began his administration, he never abandoned during the twenty-two years while he held the sceptre.  Hence the spirit of enterprise which exists in various degrees in every flourishing nation, finding itself diverted from that warlike channel wherein it had been accustomed to flow, was obliged to seek other issues.  The immense region beyond the sea claimed by England by priority of discovery, offered a theatre for a portion of that spirit to expend itself upon.  Hither turned their eyes those who, in the wars, had contracted a fondness for adventure, and were unwilling to sink back into the peaceful pursuits of laborious industry.  For such men, the vague and the uncertain possess irresistible attractions.  For them, emigration was like the hazard of the gaming-table; ruin was a possible consequence, but fortune might also crown the most extravagant hopes.  The merchant regarded with favor a scheme which would furnish employment for his ships by the transportation of men and stores.  Besides, the fisheries had always been productive; they might be largely extended, and a trade in furs and other products of the country opened with the Indians.  Perhaps the precious metals, found in such quantities by the Spaniards at the South, might enrich the North.  Happily they found not that pernicious bane which is alike the corrupter of private morals and the debaucher of nations.  To these considerations may be added a willingness at least on the part of the government, to rid itself of idle profligates and unruly spirits.  Guided by this chart, it is not difficult to understand why efforts similar to those which had proved abortive, should now be successful.

The character of the first emigrants to the Virginia colony, and the products of the country sent home, confirm these views.  They are described as “many gentlemen, a few laborers, several refiners, goldsmiths, and jewellers,” and the returning ships were freighted with cedar and with a glittering earth, which was mistaken for gold.  Another party is spoken of by a chronicler of the times, as “many unruly gallants sent hither by their friends to escape ill destinies.”  Doubtless among those denominated gentlemen and gallants were some noble souls, like, though longo intervallo, to the heroic Smith.

While the Virginia colony was slowly struggling against adverse circumstances, and attracting to herself the cavaliers who, in various capacities and with different fortunes, had figured in those troubled times, important changes were going on at home destined to exert a mighty influence on the New World.  That awakening of the intellect occasioned by the speculations of Wyckliff, the morning star of the Reformation, more than two hundred years before, and to which Luther