passions, he did all in his power to extirpate Protestantism from France, while he omitted neither lures nor intrigues to urge the Protestants in Germany to rise against the despotism of Austria.  Gustavus Adolphus, of Sweden, was personally inimical to Ferdinand, in consequence of injuries he had received at his hands.  Christian IV. of Denmark was cousin to Elizabeth, the mother of Frederic, and, in addition to this interest in the conflict which relationship gave him, he was also trembling lest some of his own possessions should soon be wrested from him by the all-grasping emperor.  A year was employed, the year 1624, in innumerable secret intrigues, and plans of combination, for a general rising of the Protestant powers.  It was necessary that the utmost secrecy should be observed in forming the coalition, and that all should be ready, at the same moment, to cooperate against a foe so able, so determined and so powerful.

Matters being thus essentially arranged, the States of Lower Saxony, who were to take the lead, held a meeting at Segeberg on the 25th of March, 1625.  They formed a league for the preservation of their religion and liberties, settled the amount of money and men which each of the contracting parties was to furnish, and chose Christian IV., King of Denmark, their leader.  The emperor had for some time suspected that a confederacy was in the process of formation, and had kept a watchful eye upon every movement.  The vail was now laid aside, and Christian IV. issued a proclamation, stating the reasons why they had taken up arms against the emperor.  This was the signal for a blaze of war, which wrapped all northern Europe in a wide conflagration.  Victory ebbed and flowed.  Bohemia, Hungary, Denmark, Austria—­all the States of the empire, were swept and devastated by pursuing and retreating armies.  But gradually the emperor gained.  First he overwhelmed all opposition in Lower Saxony, and riveting anew the shackles of despotism, rewarded his followers with the spoils of the vanquished.  Then he silenced every murmur in Austria, so that no foe dared lift up the voice or peep.  Then he poured his legions into Hungary, swept back the tide of victory which had been following the Hungarian banners, and struck blow after blow, until Gabriel Bethlehem was compelled to cry for peace and mercy.  Bohemia, previously disarmed and impoverished, was speedily struck down.

And now the emperor turned his energies against the panic-stricken King of Denmark.  He pursued him from fortress to fortress; attacked him in the open field, and beat him; attacked him behind his intrenchments, and drove him from them through the valleys, and over the hills, across rivers, and into forests; bombarded his cities, plundered his provinces, shot down his subjects, till the king, reduced almost to the last extremity, implored peace.  The emperor repelled his advances with scorn, demanding conditions of debasement more to be dreaded than death.  The King of Denmark