for them being a simple hole in the roof over the fireplace.  The small farmer in question cultivated his acres with a spade:  and after sowing his grain he harrowed it in with a large thorn bush, which he himself, or one of his sons, dragged over it with a heavy stone on the top to keep it close to the surface.  When Barney entered this cabin he found the vanithee, or woman of the house, engaged in the act of grinding oats into meal for their dinner with a quern, consisting of two diminutive millstones turned by the hand; this was placed upon a praskeen, or coarse apron, spread under it on the floor to receive the meal.  An old woman, her mother, sat spinning flax with the distaff—­for as yet flax wheels were scarcely known—­and a lubberly young fellow about sixteen, with able, well shaped limbs and great promise of bodily strength, sat before the fire managing a double task, to wit, roasting, first, a lot of potatoes in the greeshaugh, which consisted of half embers and half ashes, glowing hot; and, secondly, at a little distance from the larger lighted turf, two duck eggs, which, as well as the potatoes, he turned from time to time, that they might be equally done.  All this he conducted by the aid of what was termed a muddha vristha, or rustic tongs, which was nothing more than a wattle, or stick, broken in the middle, between the ends of which he held both his potatoes and his eggs while turning them.  Two good-looking, fresh-colored girls were squatted on their hunkers (hams), cutting potatoes for seed—­late as the season was—­with two case knives, which, had been borrowed from a neighboring farmer of some wealth.  The dress of the women was similar and simple.  It consisted of a long-bodied gown that had only half skirts; that is to say, instead of encompassing the whole person, the lower part of it came forward only as far as the hip bones, on each side, leaving the front of the petticoat exposed.  This posterior part of the gown would, if left to fall to its full length, have formed a train behind them of at least two feet in length.  It was pinned up, however, to a convenient length, and was not at all an ungraceful garment, if we except the sleeves, which went no farther than the elbows—­a fashion in dress which is always unbecoming, especially when the arms are thin.  The hair of the elder woman was doubled back in front, from about the middle of the forehead, and the rest of the head was covered by a dowd cap, the most primitive of all female headdresses, being a plain shell, or skull-cap, as it were, for the head, pointed behind, and without any fringe or border whatsoever.  This turning up of the hair was peculiar only to married life, of which condition it was universally a badge.  The young females wore theirs fastened behind by a skewer; but on this occasion one of them, the youngest, allowed it to fall in natural ringlets about her cheeks and shoulders.

“God save all here,” said Barney, as he entered the house.