capitals should be formed, accumulated, multiplied; should be lent on conditions less and less burdensome; that they should descend, penetrate into every social circle, and that by an admirable progression, after having liberated the lenders, they should hasten the liberation of the borrowers themselves.  For that end, the laws and customs ought all to be favourable to economy, the source of capital.  It is enough to say, that the first of all these conditions is, not to alarm, to attack, to deny that which is the stimulus of saving and the reason of its existence—­interest.

As long as we see nothing passing from hand to hand, in the character of loan, but provisions, materials, instruments, things indispensable to the productiveness of labour itself, the ideas thus far exhibited will not find many opponents.  Who knows, even, that I may not be reproached for having made a great effort to burst what may be said to be an open door.  But as soon as cash makes its appearance as the subject of the transaction (and it is this which appears almost always), immediately a crowd of objections are raised.  Money, it will be said, will not reproduce it self, like your sack of corn; it does not assist labour, like your plane; it does not afford an immediate satisfaction, like your house.  It is incapable, by its nature, of producing interest, of multiplying itself, and the remuneration it demands is a positive extortion.

Who cannot see the sophistry of this?  Who does not see that cash is only a transient form, which men give at the time to other values, to real objects of usefulness, for the sole object of facilitating their arrangements?  In the midst of social complications, the man who is in a condition to lend, scarcely ever has the exact thing which the borrower wants.  James, it is true, has a plane; but, perhaps, William wants a saw.  They cannot negotiate; the transaction favourable to both cannot take place, and then what happens?  It happens that James first exchanges his plane for money; he lends the money to William, and William exchanges the money for a saw.  The transaction is no longer a simple one; it is decomposed into two parts, as I explained above in speaking of exchange.  But, for all that, it has not changed its nature; it still contains all the elements of a direct loan.  James has still got rid of a tool which was useful to him; William has still received an instrument which perfects his work and increases his profits; there is still a service rendered by the lender, which entitles him to receive an equivalent service from the borrower; this just balance is not the less established by free mutual bargaining.  The very natural obligation to restore at the end of the term the entire value, still constitutes the principle of the duration of interest.

At the end of a year, says M. Thore, will you find an additional crown in a bag of a hundred pounds?