W. Well, we will say nothing about the modern maxims discovered by the Socialist gentlemen.  I ask you to do me a service; what service do you ask me in return?

J. First, then, in a year, the plane will be done for, it will be good for nothing.  It is only just, that you should let me have another exactly like it; or that you should give me money enough to get it repaired; or that you should supply me the ten days which I must devote to replacing it.

W. This is perfectly just.  I submit to these conditions.  I engage to return it, or to let you have one like it, or the value of the same.  I think you must be satisfied with this, and can require nothing further.

J. I think otherwise.  I made the plane for myself, and not for you.  I expected to gain some advantage from it, by my work being better finished and better paid, by an improvement in my condition.  What reason is there that I should make the plane, and you should gain the profit?  I might as well ask you to give me your saw and hatchet!  What a confusion!  Is it not natural that each should keep what he has made with his own hands, as well as his hands themselves?  To use without recompense the hands of another, I call slavery; to use without recompense the plane of another, can this be called fraternity?

W. But, then, I have agreed to return it to you at the end of a year, as well polished and as sharp as it is now.

J. We have nothing to do with next year; we are speaking of this year.  I have made the plane for the sake of improving my work and condition; if you merely return it to me in a year, it is you who will gain the profit of it during the whole of that time.  I am not bound to do you such a service without receiving anything from you in return:  therefore, if you wish for my plane, independently of the entire restoration already bargained for, you must do me a service which we will now discuss; you must grant me remuneration.

And this was done thus:—­William granted a remuneration calculated in such a way that, at the end of the year, James received his plane quite new, and in addition, a compensation, consisting of a new plank, for the advantages of which he had deprived himself, and which he had yielded to his friend.

It was impossible for any one acquainted with the transaction to discover the slightest trace in it of oppression or injustice.

The singular part of it is, that, at the end of the year, the plane came into James’s possession, and he lent it again; recovered it, and lent it a third and fourth time.  It has passed into the hands of his son, who still lends it.  Poor plane! how many times has it changed, sometimes its blade, sometimes its handle.  It is no longer the same plane, but it has always the same value, at least for James’s posterity.  Workmen! let us examine into these little stories.

I maintain, first of all, that the sack of corn and the plane are here the type, the model, a faithful representation, the symbol of all capital; as the five litres of corn and the plank are the type, the model, the representation, the symbol of all interest.  This granted, the following are, it seems to me, a series of consequences, the justice of which it is impossible to dispute.