was literature; that of Carthage and Tyre, commerce; of Rhodes, naval affairs; of Sparta, war; and of Rome, virtue.  The author of the ‘Spirit of Laws’ has shown the art by which the legislator should frame his institutions towards each of these objects....  But if the legislator, mistaking his object, should take up a principle different from that which arises from the nature of things; if one should tend to slavery, and the other to liberty; if one to wealth, and the other to population; one to peace, and the other to conquests; the laws will insensibly become enfeebled, the Constitution will be impaired, and the State will be subject to incessant agitations until it is destroyed, or becomes changed, and invincible Nature regains her empire.”

But if Nature is sufficiently invincible to regain its empire, why does not Kousseau admit that it had no need of the legislator to gain its empire from the beginning?  Why does he not allow that, by obeying their own impulse, men would, of themselves, apply agriculture to a fertile district, and commerce to extensive and commodious coasts, without the interference of a Lycurgus, a Solon, or a Rousseau, who would undertake it at the risk of deceiving themselves?

Be that as it may, we see with what a terrible responsibility Rousseau invests inventors, institutors, conductors, and manipulators of societies.  He is, therefore, very exacting with regard to them.

“He who dares to undertake the institutions of a people, ought to feel that he can, as it were, transform every individual, who is by himself a perfect and solitary whole, receiving his life and being from a larger whole of which he forms a part; he must feel that he can change the constitution of man, to fortify it, and substitute a partial and moral existence for the physical and independent one which we have all received from nature.  In a word, he must deprive man of his own powers, to give him others which are foreign to him.”

Poor human nature!  What would become of its dignity if it were entrusted to the disciples of Rousseau?

Raynal.—­“The climate, that is, the air and the soil, is the first element for the legislator. His resources prescribe to him his duties.  First, he must consult his local position.  A population dwelling upon maritime shores must have laws fitted for navigation....  If the colony is located in an inland region, a legislator must provide for the nature of the soil, and for its degree of fertility....

“It is more especially in the distribution of property that the wisdom of legislation will appear.  As a general rule, and in every country, when a new colony is founded, land should be given to each man, sufficient for the support of his family....

“In an uncultivated island, which you are colonizing with children, it will only be needful to let the germs of truth expand in