[Footnote 12:  Op. cit., p. 35 (Engl. transl., p. 26).]

[Footnote 13:  Op. cit., p. 9.]

[Footnote 14:  Max Raisin, The Reform Movement, etc. (reprint from the Year Book of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, xvi.), Introduction.]

[Footnote 15:  Odessky Yevrey, 1847 (Novaya Yevreyskaya Synagoga v Odessa).]

[Footnote 16:  Hessen, op. cit., p. 68; Voskhod, 1881, p. 132.]

[Footnote 17:  Rosenthal, op. cit., p. 70; Gordon, Iggerot, nos. 60-62; Ha-Meliz, xx, nos. 8, 11, 13.]

[Footnote 18:  Voskhod, 1900, v.; Sefer ha-Shanah, ii. 288-290.]

[Footnote 19:  Ha-Meliz, 1899, no. 39.]

[Footnote 20:  Ben Sion, Yevrey Reformatory, St. Petersburg, 1882.  In his manifesto (Ha-Meliz, April 21, 1881) Gordon declared:  “We have discarded the dusty Talmud.  We cannot rest satisfied, in questions of religion, with the worm-eaten carcass, with the observances of rabbinical Judaism.”  See Ha-Shiloah, ii. 53.  See also Kahan, Meahore ha-Pargud (reprint from Ha-Meliz, 1885), St. Petersburg, 1886.]

[Footnote 21:  Prelooker, op. cit., pp. 24 f.; Voskhod, Feb. 3, 1886; Razsvyet, 1881, no. 25.]

[Footnote 22:  Duprey, Great Masters of Russian Literature (Engl. transl.  Dole, New York, 1886), p. 151.]

[Footnote 23:  Rosenthal, op. cit, i. 66, 103, 158-159; Ha-Maggid, 1868, p. 18.  Cf.  McClintock and Strong, Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Cyclopedia, New York, 1891, ii. 805.  The beautiful synagogue which the Jews began to erect in Moscow at the cost of half a million rubles was declared by Pobyednostsev to be “too high and imposing,” and they were compelled to destroy the cupola and deform the interior.  Nevertheless it had to remain a “dead” synagogue, until Nicholas II was pleased to give permission to open it.]

[Footnote 24:  Shereshevsky, O Knigie Kahala, St. Petersburg, 1872; Seiberling, Gegen Brafmann’s Buch des Kahals, Vienna, 1881; Ha-Shahar, iv. 621; xi. 242.]

[Footnote 25:  Prelooker, Heroes and Heroines of Russia, London, p. 120; Ha-Shiloah, xvii. 257-263.]

[Footnote 26:  Zederbaum, ’Ayin Zofiyah, Warsaw, 1877, pp. 7-8; Prelooker, Under the Czar, etc., pp. 8-21.]

[Footnote 27:  It may not be superfluous to quote here the vivid picture given of the period I am now describing by Eliakum Zunser in his interesting autobiography; the more, as it is depicted very much in the style of the Maskilim of to-day: 

“It is an accepted law in hygiene that the digestive system must not be overburdened at any one time by too much food, that eating must not be done hastily, and, above all, great care must be taken to choose wholesome and digestible food.  These principles are still more important to one who is hungry, who has abstained from food for any length of time.  He should select the healthy and light foods, and partake of little at first until the powers of digestion are fully restored.  Should he neglect to observe these simple rules, he will ruin his digestive system, the food will turn into poison, and he may contract a stubborn disease which no physician will be able to cure.