were already established.  Many of the names given to these periods are by no means significant of their character, but are merely the result of accident:  as, for instance, that of Silurian, given by Sir Roderick Murchison to this set of beds, because he first studied them in that part of Wales occupied by the ancient tribe of the Silures.  The next period, the Devonian, was for a similar reason named after the country of Devonshire in England, where it was first investigated.  Upon this follows the Carboniferous period, with the immense deposits of coal from which it derives its name.  Then comes the Permian period, named, again, from local circumstances, the first investigation of its deposits having taken place in the province of Permia in Russia.  Next in succession we have the Triassic period, so called from the trio of rocks, the red sandstone, Muschel Kalk (shell-limestone), and Keuper (clay), most frequently combined in its formations; the Jurassic, so amply illustrated in the chain of the Jura, where geologists first found the clew to its history; and the Cretaceous period, to which the chalk cliffs of England and all the extensive chalk deposits belong.  Upon these follow the so-called Tertiary formations, divided into three periods, all of which have received most characteristic names in this epoch of the world’s history we see the first approach to a condition of things resembling that now prevailing, and Sir Charles Lyell has most fitly named its three divisions, the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene.  The termination of the three words is made from the Greek word Kainos, recent; while Eos signifies dawn, Meion less, and Pleion more.  Thus Eocene indicates the dawn of recent species, Pliocene their increase, while Miocene, the intermediate term, means less recent.  Above these deposits comes what has been called in science the present period,—­the modern times of the geologist,—­that period to which man himself belongs, and since the beginning of which, though its duration be counted by hundreds of thousands of years, there has been no alteration in the general configuration of the earth, consequently no important modification of its climatic conditions, and no change in the animals and plants inhabiting it.

[Illustration:  CRUSTACEA.—­DEVONIAN PERIOD.]

[Illustration:  FISH OF THE DEVONIAN PERIOD.]

[Illustration:  FISH OF THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD.]

[Illustration:  FOSSIL VEGETATION OF CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD.]

[Illustration:  FISH OF THE PERMIAN PERIOD.]