he conquered Portugal.  Readers of Mr. Prescott’s work on Peru will remember his lively account of Francisco de Carbajal, who at fourscore was more active than are most men at thirty.  Francisco Pizarro was an old man, about sixty, when he effected the conquest of Peru; and his principal associate, Almagro, was his senior.  Spinola, who died at sixty-one, in the full possession of his reputation, was, perhaps, the greatest military genius of his time, next to Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein.

The Austrian military service has become a sort of butt with those who shoot their arrows at what is called slowness, and who delight to transfix old generals.  Since Bonaparte, in less than a year, tumbled over Beaulieu, Wurmser, and Alvinczy, (whose united ages exceeded two hundred years,) it has been taken for granted that the Austrians never have generals under threescore-and-ten years, and that they are always beaten.  There have been many old generals in the Austrian service, it is true, and most of them have been very good leaders.  Montecuculi was fifty-six when he defeated the Turks at St. Gothard, which is counted one of the “decisive battles” of the seventeenth century.  Daun was fifty-three when he won the victory of Kolin, June 18, 1757, inflicting defeat on the Prussian Frederick, next to Marlborough the greatest commander of modern times who had then appeared.  Melas was seventy when he met Bonaparte at Marengo, and beat him, the victory being with the Austrian while he remained on the field; but infirmities having compelled him to leave before he could glean it, the arrival of Desaix and the dash of the younger Kellermann turned the tide of battle in favor of the French.  General Zach, Melas’s chief of the staff, was in command in the latter part of the battle, and it is supposed, that, if he had not been captured, the Austrians would have kept what they had won.  He was fifty-six years old, but was not destined to be the “Old Zach” of his country, as the “Old Zach” was always victorious.  Marshal Radelzky was eighty-two when, in 1848, he found himself compelled to uphold the Austrian cause in Italy, without the hope of aid from home; and not only did he uphold it, but a year later he restored it completely, and was the virtual ruler of the Peninsula until he had reached the age of ninety.  Of all the military men who took part in the wars of 1848-9, he, it is admitted, displayed the most talent and energy.  So well was his work done, that it required the united forces of France and Sardinia to undo it, shortly after his death; and he died in the conviction that it could not be undone.  Haynau, who certainly displayed eminent ability in 1848-9, was in his sixty-second year when the war began, and stands next to Radetzky as the preserver of the Austrian monarchy; and we should not allow detestation of his cruelties to detract from his military merits.  The Devil is entitled to justice, and by consequence so are his imps.  Austria has often seen her armies beaten when led