may form a sufficient notion of the principles of Antoninus; but he will find it more difficult to expound them to others.  Besides the want of arrangement in the original and of connection among the numerous paragraphs, the corruption of the text, the obscurity of the language and the style, and sometimes perhaps the confusion in the writer’s own ideas—­besides all this, there is occasionally an apparent contradiction in the emperor’s thoughts, as if his principles were sometimes unsettled, as if doubt sometimes clouded his mind.  A man who leads a life of tranquillity and reflection, who is not disturbed at home and meddles not with the affairs of the world, may keep his mind at ease and his thoughts in one even course.  But such a man has not been tried.  All his Ethical philosophy and his passive virtue might turn out to be idle words, if he were once exposed to the rude realities of human existence.  Fine thoughts and moral dissertations from men who have not worked and suffered may be read, but they will be forgotten.  No religion, no Ethical philosophy is worth anything, if the teacher has not lived the “life of an apostle,” and been ready to die “the death of a martyr.”  “Not in passivity (the passive effects) but in activity lie the evil and the good of the rational social animal, just as his virtue and his vice lie not in passivity, but in activity” (ix. 16).  The emperor Antoninus was a practical moralist.  From his youth he followed a laborious discipline, and though his high station placed him above all want or the fear of it, he lived as frugally and temperately as the poorest philospher.  Epictetus wanted little, and it seems that he always had the little that he wanted and he was content with it, as he had been with his servile station!  But Antoninus after his accession to the empire sat on an uneasy seat.  He had the administration of an empire which extended from the Euphrates to the Atlantic, from the cold mountains of Scotland to the hot sands of Africa; and we may imagine, though we cannot know it by experience, what must be the trials, the troubles, the anxiety, and the sorrows of him who has the world’s business on his hands, with the wish to do the best that he can, and the certain knowledge that he can do very little of the good which he wishes.

    [A] De Marco Aurelio Antonino ... ex ipsius Commentariis. 
    Scriptio Philologica.  Instituit Nicolaus Bachius, Lipsiae,
    1826.

In the midst of war, pestilence, conspiracy, general corruption, and with the weight of so unwieldy an empire upon him, we may easily comprehend that Antoninus often had need of all his fortitude to support him.  The best and the bravest men have moments of doubt and of weakness; but if they are the best and the bravest, they rise again from their depression by recurring to first principles, as Antoninus does.  The emperor says that life is smoke, a vapor, and St. James in his Epistle is of the same mind; that the world is full of envious, jealous, malignant people,