The new order was immediately made organic.  There could be no question when Three Consuls were appointed and Bonaparte one of the number, which of the three would be First Consul.  He would be that himself; the other two might be the ciphers which should make his unit 100.  The new system was defined as the “Provisionary Consulate;” but this form was only transitional.  The managers of the coup went rapidly forward to make it permanent.  The Constitution of the Year III gave place quickly to the Constitution of the Year VIII, which provided for an executive government, under the name of the consulate.  Nominally the Consulate was to be an executive committee of three, but really an executive committee of one—­with two associates.  The three men chosen were Napoleon Bonaparte, Jean Jacques Cambaceres and Charles Francois Lebrun.  On Christmas day, 1799, Napoleon was made first consul; and that signified the beginning of a new order, destined to endure for sixteen and a half years, and to end at Waterloo.  The old century was dying and the new was ready to arise out of its ashes.

HOW THE SON OF EQUALITY BECAME KING OF FRANCE.

The French Revolution spared not anything that stood in its way.  The royal houses were in its way, and they went down before the blast.  Thus did the House of Bourbon, and thus did also the House of Orleans.  The latter branch, however, sought by its living representatives to compromise with the storm.  The Orleans princes have always had a touch of liberalism to which the members of the Bourbon branch were strangers.

At the outbreak of the Revolution, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, fraternized with the popular party, threw away his princely title and named himself Philippe Egalite; that is, as we should say, Mr. Equality Philip.  In this character he participated in the National Assembly until he fell under distrust, and in despite of his defence and protestations—­in spite of the fact that he had voted for the death of his cousin the king—­was seized, condemned and guillotined.

This Equality Philip left as his representative in the world a son who was twenty years old when his father was executed.  The son was that Louis Philippe who, under his surname of Roi Citoyen, or “Citizen King,” was destined after extraordinary vicissitudes to hold the sceptre of France for eighteen years.  Young Louis Philippe was a soldier in the republican armies.  That might well have saved him from persecution; but his princely blood could not be excused.  He was by birth the Duke of Valois, and by succession the Duke of Chartres.  As a boy, eight years of age, he had received for his governess the celebrated Madame de Genlis, who remained faithful to him in all his misfortunes.  At eighteen he became a dragoon in the Vendome Regiment, and in 1792 he fought valiantly under Kellermann and Dumouriez at Valmy and Jemappes.  Then followed the treason, or defection, of Dumouriez; but young Louis remained with the army for two years longer, when, being proscribed, he went into exile, finding refuge with other suspected officers and many refugees in Switzerland.