construct it for oneself; the schoolboy laying foundations and building upon them as he rose from form to form, and the mature student constantly enlarging his plan throughout his life and adding to it the treasures gained by wider reading.  A sure method, though necessarily circumscribed, at least in the beginning.  We can imagine how men so rooted and grounded must have shaken their heads over ‘learning made easy’, when the press had begun to diffuse cheap dictionaries, which spared the younger generation such labour.

Though they were scarcely ‘for the use of schools’, it will repay us to examine some of the mediaeval dictionaries which lasted down to the Renaissance in general use; for they formed the background of educational resources, and from them we can estimate the standards of teaching attained in the late fifteenth century.  First the Catholicon, compiled by John Balbi, a Dominican of Genoa, and completed on 7 March 1286; a work of such importance to the age we are considering that it was printed at Mainz as early as 1460, and there were many editions later.  Badius’ at Paris, 1506, for instance, was reprinted in 1510, 1511, 1514.  In his preface Balbi announces that his dictionary is to be on the alphabetical principle; and, what is even more surprising to us, he goes on to explain at great length what the alphabetical principle is.  Thus:  ’I am going to treat of amo and bibo.  I shall take amo before bibo, because a is the first letter in amo and b is the first letter in bibo; and a is before b in the alphabet.  Again I have to treat of abeo and adeo.  I shall take abeo before adeo, because b is the second letter in abeo and d is the second letter in adeo; and b is before d in the alphabet.’  And so he goes on:  amatus will be treated before amor, imprudens before impudens, iusticia before iustus, polisintheton before polissenus—­the two last being from the Greek.  ‘But note’, he continues, ’that in polissenus, s is the fifth letter and also the sixth, because s is repeated there.  A repetition is therefore equivalent to a double letter; and thus this arrangement will show when l, m, n, r, s or indeed any other letter is to be doubled.  And in order that the reader may find quickly what he seeks, whenever the first or second letter of a word is changed, we shall mark it with azure blue.’  His preface ends with an appeal.  ’This arrangement I have worked out with great labour; yet not I, but the grace of God with me.  I entreat you therefore, reader, do not contemn my work as something rude and barbarous.’

The most striking feature of the dictionary is its etymology.  Almost every word is supplied with a derivation, often very far-fetched.  Thus glisco is derived from ’glykis, quod est dulcis; que enim dulcia sunt desiderare solemus’:  gliscere therefore is equivalent to desiderare, crescere, pinguescere and several other words.  After this we are not surprised at the following account of a dormouse.  ’Glis a glisco:  quoddam genus murium quod