[36] Marro, I Caratteri dei Delinquenti, p. 157.

    [37] Archives d’anthropologie criminelle Livraison, 10.

As it is the Italians who have studied these matters most exhaustively, it is mainly to them we must go for information.  In a little book on the skeleton and the form of the nose, Dr. Salvator Ottolenghi comes to the somewhat curious result that the bones of the criminal nose offer many anomalies of a pre-human or bestial character; but the nose itself is straight and long, or, in other words, just as highly developed as the noses of ordinary men.  Careful inquiries have been undertaken by criminal anthropologists into the colour of the hair, the length of the arms, the colour of the skin, tattooing, sensitiveness to pain among the criminal population, but these laborious investigations have so far led to few solid conclusions.  According to Lombroso, insensibility to pain is a marked characteristic of the typical criminal.[38] “Individuals,” he says, “who possess this quality consider themselves as privileged, and they despise delicate and sensitive persons.  It is a pleasure to such hardened men to torment others whom they look upon as inferior beings.”  On this point M. Joly is at variance with Lombroso.  “I asked,” he says, “at the central hospital, the Sante, where all persons who become seriously ill in the prisons of the Seine are looked after, if this disvulnerability had ever been noticed.  I was told that far from that, prisoners were always found very sensitive to pain ...  Honest people, industrious workmen, the fathers of families treated at the Charite or the Hotel-Dieu (Paris hospitals), undergo operations with much more fortitude than the sick prisoners of the Sante."[39] On this point, therefore, as on so many others, we are still without a sufficient body of evidence, and must, meanwhile, suspend our judgment.

    [38] L’Homme Criminel, 324.

    [39] Le Crime, 193.

Let us now consider the criminal’s physiognomy.  In this connection it must be borne in mind that a prolonged period of imprisonment will change the face of any man, whether he is a criminal or not.  Political offenders who have undergone a sentence of penal servitude, and who may be men of the highest character, acquire the prison look and never altogether get rid of it.  If a man spends a certain number of years sharing the life, the food, the occupations of five or six hundred other men, if he mixes with them and with no one else, he will inevitably come to resemble them in face and feature.  A remarkable illustration of this fact has recently been brought to light by the Photographic Society of Geneva.  “From photographs of seventy-eight old couples, and of as many adult brothers and sisters, it was found that twenty-four of the former resembled each other much more strongly than as many of the latter who were thought most like one another."[40] It would, therefore,