to this it may be said that India differs so widely from England in race, manners, religion and social organisation, that all these divergencies must be taken into account when comparing the position of the two countries with respect to crime.  A contention of this kind is in perfect harmony with what is here advanced.  It is, in fact, a part of our case that crime is either produced or checked by a great many causes besides economic conditions.  The comparison we are now making between the criminal statistics of England and India is intended to show that economic conditions alone will not satisfactorily explain the genesis of crime.  If such were the case India would have a blacker criminal record than England, for it has a lower material standard of life; but as India is able to exhibit a fairer record, in spite of its economic disadvantages, we are compelled to come to the conclusion that poverty is not the only factor in the production of crime.

A further illustration of the same fact will be found on examining the Prison Statistics of the United States.  According to an instructive paper recently read by Mr. Roland P. Falkner before the American Statistical Association, the foreign born population in America is, on the whole, less inclined to commit crime than the native born American.  In some of the States—­Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and California—­“the foreign born,” says Mr. Falkner, “make a worse showing than the native.  In a great number of cases, notably Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee, we notice hardly any difference.  Elsewhere, the showing is decidedly in favour of the foreign born, and nowhere more strongly than in Wisconsin and Minnesota.”  It is perfectly certain that the foreign born population of the United States is not, as a rule, so well-off economically as the native born citizen.  The vast proportion of the emigrant population is composed of poor people seeking to better their condition, and it is well known that a largo percentage of the hard, manual work done in America is performed by those men.  The economic condition of the average native born American is superior to the economic condition of the average emigrant; but the native American, notwithstanding his economic superiority, cuts a worse figure in the statistics of crime.  This is a state of things the Americans themselves are just beginning to perceive, and it cannot fail to make them uneasy as to the efficacy of some of their erratic methods of punishing crime.  It has, until recently, been the habit of American statisticians to compare the foreign born population with the whole of the native population with respect to crime.  The outcome of this method of comparison was taken all round favourable to the born Americans, and for many years people satisfied themselves with the belief that a high percentage of crime in the United States was due to the foreign element in the community.  It is now seen that this method of calculation is defective and false.  A comparatively