useful to make an extract from the explanatory note by which they are accompanied.  “As the composition of the population, with respect to age, varies in different countries, and as it has to be remembered that all the population under ten years of age has no share, at least under normal conditions, in the crime of murder, it has seemed to me a more exact method to calculate the proportion of murders to the inhabitants who are over ten years of age, than to include the total population.  For those States where a census has been recently taken, such, for instance, as France and Germany, the results of that census have been used; that is to say, the French census of May, 1886, and the German census of December, 1885.  For the other States the population has been calculated (adding the excess of births over deaths to the results of the last census) to the end of the intermediate year for each period of years to which the information relates; that is to say, to the end of 1883 for Belgium, and to the end of 1884 for Austria, Hungary, Spain, England, Scotland and Ireland.  As the information respecting Italy refers to 1887 only, the population has been estimated up to the end of that year.  The division of the population according to age (above and below ten) has been obtained by means of proportional calculations based on the results of the census for each State.  In the case of France and Germany, however, it has been taken directly from the census returns."[16]

Homicides of all kinds in the following European States:—­

-------------------------------------------------------

--------------
Tried.             Convicted. 
Population        Annual    Per         Annual    Per
Countries. over ten.  Years. average 100,000       average 100,000
inhabitants.          inhabitants.
------------------------------------------------------------

---------
Italy    23,408,277   1887    3,606   15.40       2,805   11.98
Austria  17,199,237   1883-6    689    4.01         499    2.90
France   31,044,370   1882-6    847    2.73         580    1.87
Belgium   4,377,813   1881-5    132    3.02         101    2.31
England  19,898,053   1882-6    318    1.60         151    0.76
Ireland   3,854,588   1882-6    129    3.35          54    1.40
Scotland  2,841,941   1882-6     60    2.11          21    0.74
Spain    13,300,839   1883-6  1,584   11.91       1,085    8.18
Hungary  10,821,558   1882-6                        625    5.78
Holland   3,172,464   1882-6     35    1.10          28    0.88
Germany  35,278,742   1882-6    567    1.61         476    1.35
------------------------------------------------------------

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    [16] Gli omicidii in alcuni stati d’Europa.  Appunti di statistica
    comparata del Dr A. Bosco, 1889.