And Carlyle—­with all honour be it said—­never quite knew what a hero was.  A hero is either a gentleman, or a philosopher, or an inventor.

The gentleman—­on a pedestal—­feels hurt and slips down.

The philosopher laughs.

The inventor thinks up some way of having somebody else get up so that it will not really be a pedestal at all.

I agree with all the socialists’ objections to heroes, if they mean by a hero the kind of man that Thomas Carlyle, with all his little glorious hells, all his little cold, lonesome, select heavens, his thunderclub view of life, and his Old Testament imagination, called a hero.  There is always something a little strained and competitive about Carlyle’s heroes as he conceives them except possibly one or two.

Being a hero with Carlyle consisted in conquering and displacing other heroes.  Even if you were a poet, being a hero consisted in a kind of spiritual standing on some other poet’s neck.  According to Carlyle, one must always be a hero against other men.  Modern heroism consists in being a hero with other men.  The hero Against comes in the Twentieth Century to be the hero With, and the modern hero is known, not by cutting his enemies down, but by his absorbing and understanding them.  He drinks up what they wish they could do into what he does, or he states what they believe better than they can state it.  Combination or cooeperation is the tremendous heroism of our present life.

I admit that I would be afraid of Carlyle’s heroes having pedestals.  They have already—­many of them—­done a good deal of harm because they have had pedestals, and because they would not get down from them.

But mine would.

With a man who is being a hero by cooeperation, getting down is part of the heroism.  And there is never any real danger in allowing a pedestal for a real hero.  He never has time to sit on it.

One sees him always over and over again kicking his pedestal out from under him and using it to batter a world with.  As the world does not take to enjoying its heroes’ pedestals in this way, a pedestal is quite safe.  Most people feel the same about a hero’s halo.  They prefer to have him wear it like a kind of glare around his head, and if he uses it as a searchlight upon them, if he makes his halo really practical and lights up the world a little around him instead, he is not likely to be spoiled, is almost always safe from any danger of having any more halo crowded upon him than he wants, or than anybody wants him to have.  One might put it down as a motto for heroes, “Keep your halo busy and it won’t hurt you.”  Modern democracy will never have a chance of being what it wants to be as long as it keeps on throwing away great natural forces like halos and pedestals.  There is no reason why we should not believe in halos and pedestals, not to wear or stand on, but when used strictly for butting and seeing purposes.