“The Fans which inhabit the mountain terraces are altogether of a different complexion from the seacoast tribes.  Their hair is longer:  that of the women hangs down in long braids to their shoulders, while the men have tolerably long two-pointed beards.  It would be impossible to find such long hair among the coast tribes, even in a single instance.

     “In the low, swampy land at the mouth of the Congo, one
     meets with typical Negroes; and there again, as one reaches
     a higher soil, one finds a different class of people.

“The Angolese resemble the Fula.  They are scarcely ever black.  Their hands and feet are exquisitely small; and in every way they form a contrast with the slaves of the Portuguese, who, brought for the most part from the Congo, are brutal and debased.

     “I have divided Africa into three grand types,—­the
     Ethiopian, the intermediate, and the Negro.  In the same
     manner the Negro may be divided into three sub-classes:—­

“The bronze-colored class:  gracefully formed, with effeminate features, small hands and feet, long fingers, intelligent minds, courteous and polished manners.  Such are the Mpongwe of the Gaboon, the Angolese, the Fanti of the Gold Coast, and most probably the Haoussa of the Niger, a tribe with which I am not acquainted.

“The black-skinned class:  athletic shapes, rude manners, less intelligence, but always with some good faculties, thicker lips, broader noses, but seldom prognathous to any great degree.  Such are the Wollof, the Kru-men, the Benga of Corisco, and the Cabinda of Lower Guinea, who hire themselves out as sailors in the Congo and in Angola precisely as do the Kru-men of North Guinea.

“Lastly, the typical Negroes:  an exceptional race even among the Negroes, whose disgusting type it is not necessary to re-describe.  They are found chiefly along the coast between the Casemanche and Sierra Leone, between Lagos and the Cameroons, in the Congo swamps, and in certain swampy plains and mountain-hollows of the interior."[64]

That climate has much to do with physical and mental character, we will not have to prove to any great extent.  It is a fact as well established as any principle in pathology.  Dr. Joseph Brown says,—­

“It is observed that the natives of marshy districts who permanently reside in them lose their whole bodily and mental constitution, contaminated by the poison they inhale.  Their aspect is sallow and prematurely senile, so that children are often wrinkled, their muscles flaccid, their hair lank, and frequently pale, the abdomen tumid, the stature stunted, and the intellectual and moral character low and degraded.  They rarely attain what in more wholesome regions would be considered old age.  In the marshy districts of certain countries,—­for example, Egypt, Georgia, and Virginia,—­the extreme term of