by ‘Ethiopians,’ because they were also known by their black color, and their transmigrations, which were easy and frequent."[30] But while it is a fact, supported by both sacred and profane history, that the terms “Cush” and “Ethiopian” were used interchangeably, there seems to be no lack of proof that the same terms were applied frequently to a people who were not Negroes.  It should be remembered, moreover, that there were nations who were black, and yet were not Negroes.  And the only distinction amongst all these people, who are branches of the Hamitic family, is the texture of the hair.  “But it is equally certain, as we have seen, that the term ‘Cushite’ is applied in Scripture to other branches of the same family; as, for instance, to the Midianites, from whom Moses selected his wife, and who could not have been Negroes.  The term ‘Cushite,’ therefore, is used in Scripture as denoting nations who were not black, or in any respect Negroes, and also countries south of Egypt, whose inhabitants were Negroes; and yet both races are declared to be the descendants of Cush, the son of Ham.  Even in Ezekiel’s day the interior African nations were not of one race; for he represents Cush, Phut, Lud, and Chub, as either themselves constituting, or as being amalgamated with, ‘a mingled people’ (Ezek. xxx. 5); ‘that is to say,’ says Faber, ’it was a nation of Negroes who are represented as very numerous,—­all the mingled people.’"[31]

The term “Ethiopia” was anciently given to all those whose color was darkened by the sun.  Herodotus, therefore, distinguishes the Eastern Ethiopians who had straight hair, from the Western Ethiopians who had curly or woolly hair.[32].  They are a twofold people, lying extended in a long tract from the rising to the setting sun."[33]

The conclusion is patent.  The words “Ethiopia” and “Cush” were used always to describe a black people, or the country where such a people lived.  The term “Negro,” from the Latin “niger” and the French “noir,” means black; and consequently is a modern term, with all the original meaning of Cush and Ethiopia, with a single exception.  We called attention above to the fact that all Ethiopians were not of the pure Negro type, but were nevertheless a branch of the original Hamitic family from whence sprang all the dark races.  The term “Negro” is now used to designate the people, who, in addition to their dark complexion, have curly or woolly hair.  It is in this connection that we shall use the term in this work.[34]

Africa, the home of the indigenous dark races, in a geographic and ethnographic sense, is the most wonderful country in the world It is thoroughly tropical.  It has an area in English square miles of 11,556,600, with a population of 192,520,000 souls.  It lies between the latitudes of 38 deg. north and 35 deg. south; and is, strictly speaking, an enormous peninsula, attached to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez.  The most northern point is the cape, situated a little