[Footnote 1:  The latter category comprises primarily the gymnazia (see next note) in which the classic languages are taught, and the so-called real gymnazia in which emphasis is laid on science.  The higher educational institutions, or the institutions of higher learning, are the universities and the professional schools, on which see next page, n. 4.]

[Footnote 2:  The name applies on the European continent to secondary schools.  A Russian gymnazia (and similarly a German gymnazium) has an eight years’ course.  Its curriculum corresponds roughly to a combined high school and college course in America.]

[Footnote 3:  i.e., schools found in the capitals of districts (or counties), preparatory to the gymnazia.]

[Footnote 4:  See above, p.58 and below, p.174.]

In this connection the Jewish Committee warmly debated the question as to whether the right of residence outside the Pale should be accorded to graduates of the higher and secondary educational institutions, or only to those of the higher.  The Ministers of the Interior and Public Instruction (Lanskoy and Kovalevski) advocated the former more liberal interpretation.  But the majority of the Committee members, acting “in the interests of a graduated emancipation,” rejected the idea of bestowing the universal right of residence upon the graduates of gymnazia, and lyceums and even upon those of universities and other institutions of higher learning, [1] with the exception of those who had received a learned degree, Doctor, Magister, or Candidate. [2] The Committee was willing, on the other hand, to permit the possessors of a learned degree not only to settle in the interior but also to enter the civil service.  The Jewish university graduate was thus expected to submit a scholarly paper or even a doctor dissertation for two purposes, for procuring the right of residence in some Siberian locality and for the right of serving the State.  Particular “circumspection” was recommended by the Committee with reference to Jewish medical men:  a Jewish physician, without the degree of M.D., was not to be permitted to pass beyond the Pale.

[Footnote 1:  Such as technological, veterinary, dental, and other professional schools, which are independent of the universities.]

[Footnote 2:  Magister in Russia corresponds roughly to the same title in England and America.  It is inferior to the doctor degree and precedes it. Candidate is a title, now mostly abolished, given to the best university students who have completed their course and have presented a scholarly paper, without having passed the full examination.]