[Footnote 2:  Name of the Turkish irregular troops noted for their ferocity.]

While the pogrom was going on, troops were marching up and down on the streets of the Podol district, Cossaks were riding about on their horses, and patrols on foot and horse-back were moving to and fro.

Here and there army officers would pass through, among them generals and high civil officials.  The cavalry would hasten to a place whence the noise came.  Having arrived there, it would surround the mob and order it to disperse, but the mob would only move to another place.  Thus, the work of destruction proceeded undisturbed until three o’clock in the morning.  Drums were beaten, words of command were shouted, the crowd was encircled by the troops and ordered to disperse, while the mob continued its attacks with ever-increasing fury and savagery.

While some of the robber bands were “busy” in Podol, others were active in the principal thoroughfares of the city.  In each case, the savage and drunken mob—­“not a single sober person could be found among them,” is the testimony of an eye-witness—­did its hideous work in the presence of soldiers and policemen, who in a few instances drove off the rioters, but, more often, accompanied them from place to place, forming, as it were, an honorary escort.  Occasionally, Governor-General Drenteln himself would appear on the streets, surrounded by a magnificent military suite, including the governor and chief of police.  These representatives of State authority “admonished the people,” and the latter, “preserving a funereal silence, drew back,” only to resume their criminal task after the departure of the authorities.

In some places there were neither troops nor police on the spot, and the rioters were able to give full vent to their beastly instincts.  Demiovka, a suburb of Kiev, was invaded by a horde of rioters during the night.  They first destroyed the saloons, filling themselves with alcohol, and then proceeded to lay fire to the Jewish houses.  Under the cover of night indescribable horrors were perpetrated, numerous Jews were beaten to death or thrown into the flames, and many women were violated.  A private investigation carried on subsequently brought out more than twenty cases of rape committed on Jewish girls and married women.  Only two of the sufferers confessed their misfortune to the public prosecutor.  The others admitted their disgrace in private or concealed it altogether, for fear of ruining their reputation.

It was only on April 27—­when the pogrom broke out afresh—­that the authorities resolved to put a stop to it.  Wherever a disorderly band made its appearance, it was immediately surrounded by soldiers and Cossaks and driven off with the butt ends of their rifles.  Here and there it became necessary to shoot at these human beasts, and some of them were wounded or killed.  The rapidity with which the pogrom was suppressed on the second