more narrowly, and compare it with the plan to which it owes its present technical application, I find it has strayed far from its original sense.  It goes much further than the privilege allowed by Horace.  It is more than parce detortum.  This Protestant ascendency means nothing less than an influence obtained by virtue, by love, or even by artifice and seduction,—­full as little an influence derived from the means by which ministers have obtained an influence which might be called, without straining, an ascendency, in public assemblies in England, that is, by a liberal distribution of places and pensions, and other graces of government.  This last is wide indeed of the signification of the word.  New ascendency is the old mastership.  It is neither more nor less than the resolution of one set of people in Ireland to consider themselves as the sole citizens in the commonwealth, and to keep a dominion over the rest by reducing them to absolute slavery under a military power, and, thus fortified in their power, to divide the public estate, which is the result of general contribution, as a military booty, solely amongst themselves.

The poor word ascendency, so soft and melodious in its sound, so lenitive and emollient in its first usage, is now employed to cover to the world the most rigid, and perhaps not the most wise, of all plans of policy.  The word is large enough in its comprehension.  I cannot conceive what mode of oppression in civil life, or what mode of religious persecution, may not come within the methods of preserving an ascendency.  In plain old English, as they apply it, it signifies pride and dominion on the one part of the relation, and on the other subserviency and contempt,—­and it signifies nothing else.  The old words are as fit to be set to music as the new:  but use has long since affixed to them their true signification, and they sound, as the other will, harshly and odiously to the moral and intelligent ears of mankind.

This ascendency, by being a Protestant ascendency, does not better it from the combination of a note or two more in this anti-harmonic scale.  If Protestant ascendency means the proscription from citizenship of by far the major part of the people of any country, then Protestant ascendency is a bad thing, and it ought to have no existence.  But there is a deeper evil.  By the use that is so frequently made of the term, and the policy which is engrafted on it, the name Protestant becomes nothing more or better than the name of a persecuting faction, with a relation of some sort of theological hostility to others, but without any sort of ascertained tenets of its own upon the ground of which it persecutes other men:  for the patrons of this Protestant ascendency neither do nor can, by anything positive, define or describe what they mean by the word Protestant.  It is defined, as Cowley defines wit, not by what it is, but by what it is not.  It is not the Christian