passed from academies into courts; and the great themselves were infected with the theories which conducted to their ruin.  Knowledge, which in the two last centuries either did not exist at all, or existed solidly on right principles and in chosen hands, was now diffused, weakened, and perverted.  General wealth loosened morals, relaxed vigilance, and increased presumption.  Men of talent began to compare, in the partition of the common stock of public prosperity, the proportions of the dividends with the merits of the claimants.  As usual, they found their portion not equal to their estimate (or perhaps to the public estimate) of their own worth.  When it was once discovered by the Revolution in France that a struggle between establishment and rapacity could be maintained, though but for one year and in one place, I was sure that a practicable breach was made in the whole order of things, and in every country.  Religion, that held the materials of the fabric together, was first systematically loosened.  All other opinions, under the name of prejudices, must fall along with it; and property, left undefended by principles, became a repository of spoils to tempt cupidity, and not a magazine to furnish arms for defence.  I knew, that, attacked on all sides by the infernal energies of talents set in action by vice and disorder, authority could not stand upon authority alone.  It wanted some other support than the poise of its own gravity.  Situations formerly supported persons.  It now became necessary that personal qualities should support situations.  Formerly, where authority was found, wisdom and virtue were presumed.  But now the veil was torn, and, to keep off sacrilegious intrusion, it was necessary that in the sanctuary of government something should be disclosed not only venerable, but dreadful.  Government was at once to show itself full of virtue and full of force.  It was to invite partisans, by making it appear to the world that a generous cause was to be asserted, one fit for a generous people to engage in.  From passive submission was it to expect resolute defence?  No!  It must have warm advocates and passionate defenders, which an heavy, discontented acquiescence never could produce.  What a base and foolish thing is it for any consolidated body of authority to say, or to act as if it said, “I will put my trust, not in my own virtue, but in your patience; I will indulge in effeminacy, in indolence, in corruption; I will give way to all my perverse and vicious humors, because you cannot punish me without the hazard of ruining yourselves.”

I wished to warn the people against the greatest of all evils,—­a blind and furious spirit of innovation, under the name of reform.  I was, indeed, well aware that power rarely reforms itself.  So it is, undoubtedly, when all is quiet about it.  But I was in hopes that provident fear might prevent fruitless penitence.  I trusted that danger might produce at least circumspection.  I flattered myself,