Granted, then, that the candidate for citizen honors is prepared to pass judgment on such matters as we have indicated, he must next be prepared to devise and control means to carry these judgments into effect.  Here he approaches the problems of statescraft.  He must have in his mind a general scheme of government, with a sense of legislative, judicial and executive functions.  He must realize the value of a constitution, as a point of departure; and have a theory as to safe ways of modifying it.  He must have fairly clear notions of legislation, and of the kinds of laws that are desirable and effective.  He should know how far representative legislative bodies can be trusted to express the will of the people; and he should have studied the working of the initiative and the referendum.  It is also desirable that he should know the theory of two chambers, and should have ideas as to how the members of the second chamber, if there is to be one, should be chosen.

The candidate for citizen honors should know something of the organization of the judicial branch of government.  He should know something of the powers and duties of local magistrates, of county, State and national courts.  He should recognize the difference between civil and criminal jurisdiction.  He should have an opinion as to whether judges should be elected or appointed, and if appointed, who should select them.  He should realize the grave dangers that surround a corrupt judiciary, and he should know the means by which a court is enabled to maintain its standing and authority.

So of the executive power, he should see its relation to the other powers, from the constable to the president.  He should know the qualities required in a good executive and should be able to distinguish them in possible candidates.  He should know that when the executive is lax the best of laws fall into abeyance, and he should know how such officers can be held up, through criticism by public opinion and penalties, to the fulfilment of duties.  The recall should have been considered.

In the third place, the citizen should know how to select the right kind of people to carry his political judgments into effect.  Possibly, under a representative form of government, this is the most necessary qualification for a good voter.  Many of the matters with which modern government must deal are technical, and the citizen here, as in his private affairs, must rest on the judgment of those he employs.  And yet, in general, he must know what he wants.

He must know the general laws that govern the organization of parties; and he should be somewhat acquainted with the psychology of crowds.  He should know how candidates are selected under the convention or caucus system; he should have an independent judgment on direct primaries.