cum Acen ad exercitum venisset, when he had come to the army at Ace.

3.  To denote toward, to the vicinity of, in the vicinity of, ad is used; as,—­

    ad Tarentum veni, I came to the vicinity of Tarentum;

    ad Cannas pugna facta est, a battle was fought near Cannae.

4.  In poetry the Accusative of any noun denoting a place may be used without a preposition to express the limit of motion; as,—­

    Italiam venit, he came to Italy.

5.  The goal notion seems to represent the original function of the Accusative Case.  Traces of this primitive force are recognizable in the phrase infitias ire, to deny (lit. to go to a denial), and a few other similar expressions.

Accusative in Exclamations.

183.  The Accusative, generally modified by an Adjective, is used in Exclamations; as,—­

    me miserum, ah, wretched me!

    O fallacem spem, oh, deceptive hope!

Accusative as Subject of the Infinitive.

184.  The Subject of the Infinitive is put in the Accusative; as,—­

    video hominem abire, I see that the man is going away.

Other Uses of the Accusative.

185.  Here belong—­

1.  Some Accusatives which were originally Appositives; viz.—­

    id genus, of that kind; as, homines id genus, men of that kind
    (originally homines, id genus hominum, men, that kind of men);

    virile secus, muliebre secus, of the male sex, of the female sex;

    meam vicem, tuam vicem, etc., for my part, etc.;

    bonam partem, magnam partem, in large part;

    maximam partem, for the most part.

2.  Some phrases of doubtful origin; as,—­

id temporis, at that time;         quod si, but if;
id aetatis, at that time;          cetera, in other respects.

* * * * *

THE DATIVE.

186.  The Dative case, in general, expresses relations which are designated in English by the prepositions to and for.

Dative of Indirect Object.

187.  The commonest use of the Dative is to denote the person to whom something is given, said, or done.  Thus:—­

I. With transitive verbs in connection with the Accusative; as,—­

    hanc pecuniam mihi dat, he gives me this money;

    haec nobis dixit, he said this to us.

  a.  Some verbs which take this construction (particularly dono and
  circumdo) admit also the Accusative of the person along with the Ablative
  of the thing.  Thus:—­

    Either Themistocli munera donavit, he presented gifts to
    Themistocles, or