3.  Dico, duco, facio, form the Imperatives, dic, duc, fac.  But compounds of facio form the Imperative in -fice, as confice.  Compounds of dico, duco, accent the ultima; as, edu’c, edi’c.

4.  Archaic and Poetic forms:—­

  a.  The ending -ier in the Present Infinitive Passive; as, amarier,
  monerier, dicier, for amari, moneri, dici.

  b.  The ending -ibam for -iebam in Imperfects of the Fourth Conjugation,
  and -ibo for -iam in Futures; as, scibam, scibo, for sciebam, sciam.

  c.  Instead of the fuller forms, in such words as dixisti, scripsistis,
  surrexisse, we sometimes find dixti, scripstis, surrexe, etc.

  d.  The endings -im, -is, etc. (for -am, -as, etc.) occur in a few
  Subjunctive forms; as, edim (eat), duint, perduint.

5.  In the Future Active and Perfect Passive Infinitive, the auxiliary esse is often omitted; as, acturum for acturum esse; ejectus for ejectus esse.

* * * * *

FORMATION OF THE VERB STEMS.

Formation of the Present Stem.

117.  Many verbs employ the simple Verb Stem for the Present Stem;[39] as, dicere, amare, monere, audire.  Others modify the Verb Stem to form the Present, as follows:—­

1.  By appending the vowels, a, e, i; as,—­

Present Stem   Verb Stem
juvare,      juva-         juv-.
augere,      auge-         aug-.
vincire,     vinci-        vinc-.

2.  By adding i, as capio, Present Stem capi- (Verb Stem cap-).

3.  By the insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant of the Verb Stem; as, fundo (Stem fud-), rumpo (Stem rup-).

4.  By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as,—­

cern-o pell-o (for pel-no).

5.  By appending t to the Verb Stem; as,—­

flect-o.

6.  By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as,—­

cresc-o. scisc-o.

7.  By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the Verb Stem with i; as,—­

gi-gn-o (root gen-), si-st-o (root sta-).

Formation of the Perfect Stem.

118.  The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem—­

1.  By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as,—­

  amav-i, delev-i, audiv-i.

2.  By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as,—­

  strepu-i, genu-i, alu-i.

3.  By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as,—­

carp-o, Perfect carps-i. scrib-o, " scrips-i (for scrib-si). rid-eo, " ris-i (for rid-si). sent-io, " sens-i (for sent-si). dic-o, " dix-i (i.e. dic-si).

  a.  Note that before the ending -si a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a
  Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is
  changed to p.