Caedes, f.,     Arx, f.,        Linter, f.,
slaughter;    citadel;      skiff;
stem, caed-.    stem, arc-.     stem, lintr-.

SINGULAR.
Nom.  caedes          arx             linter
Gen.  caedis          arcis           lintris
Dat.  caedi           arci            lintri
Acc.  caedem          arcem           lintrem
Voc.  caedes          arx             linter
Abl.  caede           arce            lintre

PLURAL.
Nom.  caedes          arces           lintres
Gen.  caedium         arcium          lintrium
Dat.  caedibus        arcibus         lintribus
Acc.  caedes, -is     arces, -is      lintres, -is
Voc.  caedes          arces           lintres
Abl.  caedibus        arcibus         lintribus

1.  The following classes of nouns belong here:—­

  a) Nouns in -es, with Genitive in -is; as, nubes, aedes, clades, etc.

  b) Many monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by one or more consonants; as,
  urbs, mons, stirps, lanx.

  c) Most nouns in -ns and -rs as, cliens, cohors.

  d) Uter, venter; fur, lis, mas, mus, nix; and the Plurals fauces,
  penates, Optimates, Samnites, Quirites.

  e) Sometimes nouns in -tas with Genitive -tatis; as, civitas, aetas. 
  Civitas usually has civitatium.

IV.  Stems in _-i_, _-u_, and Diphthongs.

41.  Vis, f., Sus, c., Bos, c., ox, Juppiter, m.,
          force; swine; cow; Jupiter;
          stem, vi-. stem, su-. stem, bou-. stem, Jou-.

SINGULAR.
Nom.  vis             sus             bos             Juppiter
Gen.  ——­            suis            bovis           Jovis
Dat.  ——­            sui             bovi            Jovi
Acc.  vim             suem            bovem           Jovem
Voc.  vis             sus             bos             Juppiter
Abl.  vi              sue             bove            Jove

PLURAL.
Nom.  vires           sues            boves
Gen.  virium          suum            bovum, boum
Dat.  viribus         suibus, subus   bobus, bubus
Acc.  vires           sues            boves
Voc.  vires           sues            boves
Abl.  viribus         suibus, subus   bobus, bubus

1.  Notice that the oblique cases of sus have u in the root syllable.

2.  Grus is declined like sus, except that the Dative and Ablative Plural are always gruibus.

3.  Juppiter is for Jou-pater, and therefore contains the same stem as in Jov-is, Jov-i, etc.

Navis was originally a diphthong stem ending in au-, but it has passed over to the i-stems (Sec. 37).  Its ablative often ends in -i.

V. Irregular Nouns.

42.  Senex, m., Caro, f., Os, n.,
          old man. flesh. bone.