[12] The Stem is often derived from a more primitive form called the Root.  Thus, the stem porta- goes back to the root per-, por-.  Roots are usually monosyllabic.  The addition made to a root to form a stem is called a Suffix.  Thus in porta- the suffix is -ta.

[13] There is only one stem ending in -m:—­hiems, hiemis, winter.

[14] Mensis, month, originally a consonant stem (mens-), has in the Genitive Plural both mensium and mensum.  The Accusative Plural is menses.

[15] This is practically always used instead of alius in the Genitive.

[16] A Dative Singular Feminine alterae also occurs.

[17] Supplied by vetustior, from vetustus.

[18] Supplied by recentior.

[19] For newest, recentissimus is used.

[20] Supplied by minimus natu.

[21] Supplied by maximus natu.

[22] The final i is sometimes long in poetry.

[23] Forms of hic ending in -s sometimes append -ce for emphasis; as, hujusce, this ... here; hosce, hisce.  When -ne is added, -c and -ce become -ci; as huncine, hoscine.

[24] For istud, istuc sometimes occurs; for ista, istaec.

[25] For illud, illuc sometimes occurs.

[26] Sometimes quis.

[27] An ablative qui occurs in quicum, with whom.

[28] Where the Perfect Participle is not in use, the Future Active Participle, if it occurs, is given as one of the Principal Parts.

[29] The Perfect Participle is wanting in sum.

[30] The meanings of the different tenses of the Subjunctive are so many and so varied, particularly in subordinate clauses, that no attempt can be made to give them here.  For fuller information the pupil is referred to the Syntax.

[31] For essem, esses, esset, essent, the forms forem, fores, foret, forent are sometimes used.

[32] For futurus esse, the form fore is often used.

[33] Declined like bonus, -a, -um.

[34] The Imperfect also means I loved.

[35] For declension of amans, see Sec. 70, 3.

[36] Fui, fuisti, etc., are sometimes used for sum, es, etc.  So fueram, fueras, etc., for eram, etc.; fuero, etc., for ero, etc.

[37] Fuerim, etc., are sometimes used for sim; so fuissem, etc., for essem.

[38] In actual usage passive imperatives occur only in deponents (Sec. 112).

[39] Strictly speaking, the Present Stem always ends in a Thematic Vowel (e or o); as, dic-e-, dic-o-; ama-e-, ama-o-.  But the multitude of phonetic changes involved prevents a scientific treatment of the subject here.  See the author’s Latin Language.

[40] But the compounds of juvo sometimes have _-juturus_; as, adjuturus.

[41] Used only impersonally.

[42] So impleo, expleo.

[43] Compounds follow the Fourth Conjugation:  accio, accire, etc.