Words marked with a star regularly have Acc. -im; those marked with a + regularly have Abl. -i.  Of the others, many at times show -im and -i.  Town and river names in -is regularly have -im, -i.

2.  Not all nouns in -is are i-Stems.  Some are genuine consonant-stems, and have the regular consonant terminations throughout, notably, canis, dog; juvenis, youth.[14]

3.  Some genuine i-Stems have become disguised in the Nominative Singular; as, pars, part, for par(ti)s; anas, duck, for ana(ti)s; so also mors, death; dos, dowry; nox, night; sors, lot; mens, mind; ars, art; gens, tribe; and some others.

B.  Neuter i-Stems.

39.  These end in the Nominative Singular in -e, -al, and -ar.  They always have -i in the Ablative Singular, -ia in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural, and -ium in the Genitive Plural, thus holding more steadfastly to the i-character than do Masculine and Feminine i-Stems.

Sedile,         Animal,         Calcar,
seat;         animal;       spur;
stem, sedili-.  stem,           stem,
animali-.       calcari-.

SINGULAR.                          TERMINATION.
Nom.  sedile          animal          calcar          -e or wanting
Gen.  sedilis         animalis        calcaris        -is
Dat.  sedili          animali         calcari         -i
Acc.  sedile          animal          calcar          -e or wanting
Voc.  sedile          animal          calcar          -e or wanting
Abl.  sedili          animali         calcari         -i

PLURAL.
Nom.  sedilia         animalia        calcaria        -ia
Gen.  sedilium        animalium       calcarium       -ium
Dat.  sedilibus       animalibus      calcaribus      -ibus
Acc.  sedilia         animalia        calcaria        -ia
Voc.  sedilia         animalia        calcaria        -ia
Abl.  sedilibus       animalibus      calcaribus      -ibus

1.  In most words of this class the final -i of the stem is lost in the Nominative Singular; in others it appears as -e.

2.  Proper names in -e form the Ablative Singular in -e; as, Soracte, Mt.  Soracte; so also sometimes mare, sea.

III.  Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the Inflection of i-Stems.

40.  Many Consonant-Stems have so far adapted themselves to the inflection of i-stems as to take -ium in the Genitive Plural, and -is in the Accusative Plural.  Their true character as Consonant-Stems, however, is shown by the fact that they never take -im in the Accusative Singular, or -i in the Ablative Singular.  The following words are examples of this class:—­