3.  The Latin is usually more concrete than the English, and especially less bold in the personification of abstract qualities.  Thus:—­

    a puero, a pueris, from boyhood;

    Sulla dictatore, in Sulla’s dictatorship;

    me duce, under my leadership;

    Romani cum Carthaginiensibus pacem fecerunt = Rome made peace with
    Carthage;

    liber doctrinae plenus = a learned book;

    prudentia Themistoclis Graecia servata est = Themistocles’s foresight
    saved Greece.

4.  The Nouns of Agency in -tor and -sor (see Sec. 147, 1) denote a permanent or characteristic activity; as,—­

    accusatores, (professional) accusers;

    oratores, pleaders;

    cantores, singers;

    Arminius, Germaniae liberator, Arminius, liberator of Germany.

  a.  To denote single instances of an action, other expressions are
  commonly employed; as,—­

    Numa, qui Romulo successit, Numa, successor of Romulus;

    qui mea legunt, my readers;

    qui me audiunt, my auditors.

5.  The Latin avoids the use of prepositional phrases as modifiers of a Noun.  In English we say:  ‘The war against Carthage’; ’a journey through Gaul’; ‘cities on the sea’; ‘the book in my hands’; ’the fight at Salamis’; etc.  The Latin in such cases usually employs another mode of expression.  Thus:—­

  a) A Genitive; as,—­

    dolor injuriarum, resentment at injuries.

  b) An Adjective; as,—­

    urbes maritimae, cities on the sea;

    pugna Salaminia, the fight at Salamis.

  c) A Participle; as,—­

    pugna ad Cannas facta, the battle at Cannae.

  d) A Relative clause; as,—­

    liber qui in meis manibus est, the book in my hands.

NOTE.—­Yet within certain limits the Latin does employ Prepositional phrases as Noun modifiers.  This is particularly frequent when the governing noun is derived from a verb.  The following are typical examples:—­

    transitus in Britanniam, the passage to Britain;

    excessus e vita, departure from life;

    odium erga Romanos, hatred of the Romans;

    liber de senectute, the book on old age;

    amor in patriam, love for one’s country.

ADJECTIVES.

354. 1.  Special Latin Equivalents for English Adjectives are—­

  a) A Genitive; as,—­

    virtutes animi = moral virtues;

    dolores corporis = bodily ills.

  b) An Abstract Noun; as,—­

    novitas rei = the strange circumstance;