b) An Adversative Conjunction may be omitted; as,—­

    rationes defuerunt, ubertas orationis non defuit, arguments were
    lacking, (but) abundance of words was not.

ADVERBS.

347. 1.  The following particles, sometimes classed as Conjunctions, are more properly Adverbs:—­

  etiam, also, even.

  quoque (always post-positive), also.

  quidem (always post-positive) lays stress upon the preceding word.  It is
  sometimes equivalent to the English indeed, in fact, but more
  frequently cannot be rendered, except by vocal emphasis.

  ne ... quidem means not even; the emphatic word or phrase always stands
  between; as, ne ille quidem, not even he.

  tamen and vero, in addition to their use as Conjunctions, are often
  employed as Adverbs.

2.  Negatives.  Two negatives are regularly equivalent to an affirmative as in English, as non nulli, some; but when non, nemo, nihil, numquam, etc., are accompanied by neque ... neque, non ... non, non modo, or ne ... quidem, the latter particles simply take up the negation and emphasize it; as,—­

    habeo hic neminem neque amicum neque cognatum, I have here no one,
    neither friend nor relative.

    non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem, for not even that must be
    passed by.

  a.  Haud in Cicero and Caesar occurs almost exclusively as a modifier of
  Adjectives and Adverbs, and in the phrase haud scio an.  Later writers use
  it freely with verbs.

* * * * *

CHAPTER VII.—­Word-order and Sentence-Structure.

A. WORD-ORDER.

348.  In the normal arrangement of the Latin sentence the Subject stands at the beginning of the sentence, the Predicate at the end; as,—­

    Darius classem quingentarum navium comparavit, Darius got ready a
    fleet of five hundred ships.

349.  But for the sake of emphasis the normal arrangement is often abandoned, and the emphatic word is put at the beginning, less frequently at the end of the sentence; as,—­

    magnus in hoc bello Themistocles fuit, GREAT was Themistocles in this
    war;

    aliud iter habemus nullum, other course we have NONE.

SPECIAL PRINCIPLES.

350. 1.  Nouns.  A Genitive or other oblique case regularly follows the word upon which it depends.  Thus:—­

  a) Depending upon a Noun:—­

    tribunus plebis, tribune of the plebs;

    filius regis, son of the king;

    vir magni animi, a man of noble spirit.

  Yet always senatus consultum, plebis scitum.

  b) Depending upon an Adjective:—­

    ignarus rerum, ignorant of affairs;