locutus tacui = I HAD spoken and then was silent;

    locutus tacebo = I SHALL speak and then shall be silent.

4.  The absolute time of the action of a participle, therefore, is determined entirely by the finite verb with which it is connected.

5.  Certain Perfect Passive Participles of Deponent and Semi-Deponent Verbs are used as Presents; viz. arbitratus, ausus, ratus, gavisus, solitus, usus, confisus, diffisus, secutus, veritus.

Use of Participles.

337.  As an Adjective the Participle may be used either as an attributive or predicate modifier of a Substantive.

1.  Attributive Use.  This presents no special peculiarities.  Examples are:—­

    gloria est consentiens laus bonorum, glory is the unanimous praise of
    the good;

    Conon muros a Lysandro dirutos reficit, Conon restored the walls
    destroyed by Lysander.

2.  Predicate Use.  Here the Participle is often equivalent to a subordinate clause.  Thus the Participle may denote:—­

  a) Time; as,—­

    omne malum nascens facile opprimitur, every evil is easily crushed at
    birth.

  b) A Condition; as,—­

    mente uti non possumus cibo et potione completi, if gorged with food
    and drink, we cannot use our intellects.

  c) Manner; as,—­

    Solon senescere se dicebat multa in dies addiscentem, Solon said he
    grew old learning many new things daily.

  d) Means; as,—­

    sol oriens diem conficit, the sun, by its rising, makes the day.

  e) Opposition (’though’); as,—­

    mendaci homini ne verum quidem dicenti credimus, we do not believe a
    liar, though he speaks the truth.

  f) Cause; as,—­

    perfidiam veritus ad suos recessit, since he feared treachery, he
    returned to his own troops.

3.  Video and audio, besides the Infinitive, take the Present Participle in the Predicate use; as,—­

    video te fugientem, I see you fleeing.

  a.  So frequently facio, fingo, induco, etc.; as,—­

    eis Catonem respondentem facimus, we represent Cato replying to them;

    Homerus Laertem colentem agrum facit, Homer represents Laertes tilling
    the field.

4.  The Future Active Participle (except futurus) is regularly confined to its use in the Periphrastic Conjugation, but in poets and later writers it is used independently, especially to denote purpose; as,—­

    venerunt castra oppugnaturi, they came to assault the camp.

5.  The Perfect Passive Participle is often equivalent to a cooerdinate clause; as,—­

    urbem captam diruit, he captured and destroyed the city (lit. he
    destroyed the city captured).