Siciliam ita vastavit ut restitui in antiquum statum non possit, he so
    ravaged Sicily that it cannot be restored to its former condition;

    mons altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent, a
    very high mountain overhung, so that a very few could easily stop
    them;

    non is es ut te pudor umquam a turpitudine avocarit, you are not so
    constituted that shame ever called you back from baseness.

2.  A Result Clause is often introduced by a Relative Pronoun or Adverb, qui (= ut is), quo (= ut eo), etc.; as,—­

    nemo est tam senex qui se annum non putet posse vivere, nobody is so
    old as not to think he can live a year;

    habetis eum consulem qui parere vestris decretis non dubitet, you have
    a consul such as does not hesitate to obey your decrees.

a.  These Relative Clauses of Result are closely related to the Clause of Characteristic, and sometimes it is difficult to distinguish the two constructions.  It is best to class the relative clause as one of Characteristic, unless the result idea is clear and unmistakable.

3.  Result clauses may also be introduced by quin = ut non; as,—­

    nihil tam difficile est quin quaerendo investigari possit, nothing is
    so difficult that it cannot be discovered by searching;

    nemo est tam fortis quin rei novitate perturbetur, no one is so
    steadfast as not to be thrown into confusion by a strange occurrence.

4.  Note the use of quam ut (sometimes quam alone) to denote Result after comparatives; as,—­

    urbs erat munitior quam ut primo impetu capi posset, the city was too
    strongly fortified to be taken at the first attack (lit. more
    strongly fortified than [so] that it could be taken, etc.).

Causal Clauses.

285.  Causal clauses are introduced chiefly by the following particles:—­

  1.  Quod, quia, quoniam.
  2.  Cum.
  3.  Quando.

286.  The use of moods is as follows:—­

1.  Quod, quia, quoniam take the Indicative when the reason is that of the writer or speaker; they take the Subjunctive when the reason is viewed as that of another. Thus:—­

    Parthos timeo quod diffido copiis nostris, I fear the Parthians,
    because I distrust our troops.

    Themistocles, quia non tutus erat, Corcyram demigravit, Themistocles,
    since he was not safe, moved to Corcyra.

    neque me vixisse paenitet, quoniam bene vixi, I do not regret having
    lived, since I have lived well.

Socrates accusatus est quod corrumperet juventutem, Socrates was arraigned on the ground that he was corrupting the young. (Here the reason is not that of the writer but of the accuser.  Hence the Subjunctive.)

    Haedui Caesari gratias egerunt quod se periculo liberavisset, the
    Haedui thanked Caesar because he had delivered them from danger. (The
    reason of the Haedui.)