Yet quod alone, without preceding id, sometimes occurs in this use.

2.  Is also in all cases serves as the personal pronoun of the third person, ‘he,’ ‘she,’ ‘it,’ ‘they,’ ‘them.’

3.  When the English uses ‘that of,’ ‘those of,’ to avoid repetition of the noun, the Latin omits the pronoun:  as,—­

    in exercitu Sullae et postea in Crassi fuerat, he had been in the army
    of Sulla and afterward in that of Crassus;

    nullae me fabulae delectant nisi Plauti, no plays delight me except
    those of Plautus.

4.  Note the phrases et is, et ea, etc., in the sense:  and that too; as,—­

    vincula, et ea sempiterna, imprisonment, and that too permanently.

Idem.

248. 1.  Idem in apposition with the subject or object often has the force of also, likewise; as,—­

    quod idem mihi contigit, which likewise happened to me (lit. which,
    the same thing);

    bonus vir, quem eundem sapientem appellamus, a good man, whom we call
    also wise.

For idem atque (ac), the same as, see Sec. 341, 1. c.

Ipse.

249. 1.  Ipse, literally self, acquires its special force from the context; as,—­

    eo ipso die, on that very day;

    ad ipsam ripam, close to the bank;

    ipso terrore, by mere fright;

    valvae se ipsae aperuerunt, the doors opened of their own accord;

    ipse aderat, he was present in person.

2.  The reflexive pronouns are often emphasized by the addition of ipse, but ipse in such cases, instead of standing in apposition with the reflexive, more commonly agrees with the subject; as,—­

    secum ipsi loquuntur, they talk with themselves;

    se ipse continere non potest, he cannot contain himself

3.  Ipse is also used as an Indirect Reflexive for the purpose of marking a contrast or avoiding an ambiguity; as,—­

    Persae pertimuerunt ne Alcibiades ab ipsis descisceret et cum suis in
    gratiam rediret, the Persians feared that Alcibiades would break with
    them and become reconciled with his countrymen;

    ea molestissime ferre debent homines quae ipsorum culpa contracta sunt,
    men ought to chafe most over those things which have been brought
    about by their own fault (as opposed to the fault of others).

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

250.  Agreement. 1.  The Relative Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in Gender, Number, and Person, but its case is determined by its construction in the clause in which it stands; as,—­

    mulier quam videbamus, the woman whom we saw;

    bona quibus fruimur, the blessings which we enjoy.