It will be of interest to know what studies were followed at a mediaeval university.  At Oxford, as at most of the continental universities, there were three degrees, those of Bachelor, Licentiate and Doctor.  The books read were the “Tegni” of Galen, the “Aphorisms” of Hippocrates, the “De Febribus” of Isaac and the “Antidotarium” of Nicolaus Salernitanus:  if a graduate in arts, six years’ study in all was required, in other faculties, eight.  One gets very full information on such matters from a most interesting book, “Une Chaire de Medecine au XVe Siecle,” by Dr. Ferrari (Paris, 1899).  The University of Pavia was founded in 1361, and like most of those in Italy was largely frequented by foreigners, who were arranged, as usual, according to their nationalities; but the students do not appear to have controlled the university quite so much as at Bologna.  The documents of the Ferrari family, on which the work is based, tell the story of one of its members, who was professor at Pavia from 1432 to 1472.  One is surprised at the range of studies in certain directions, and still more at the absence of other subjects.  A list is given of the teachers in medicine for the year 1433, twenty in all, and there were special lectures for the morning, afternoon and evening.  The subjects are medicine, practical medicine, physics, metaphysics, logic, astrology, surgery and rhetoric:  very striking is the omission of anatomy, which does not appear in the list even in 1467.  The salaries paid were not large, so that most of the teachers must have been in practice:  four hundred and five hundred florins was the maximum.

The dominance of the Arabians is striking.  In 1467, special lectures were given on the “Almansor” of Rhazes, and in the catalogue of the Ferrari’s library more than one half of the books are Arabian commentaries on Greek medicine.  Still more striking evidence of their influence is found in the text-book of Ferrari, which was printed in 1471 and had been circulated earlier in Ms. In it Avicenna is quoted more than 3000 times, Rhazes and Galen 1000, Hippocrates only 140 times.  Professor Ferrari was a man who played an important role in the university, and had a large consultation practice.  You will be interested to know what sort of advice he gave in special cases.  I have the record of an elaborate consultation written in his own hand, from which one may gather what a formidable thing it was to fall into the hands of a mediaeval physician.  Signor John de Calabria had a digestive weakness of the stomach, and rheumatic cerebral disease, combined with superfluous heat and dryness of the liver and multiplication of choler.  There is first an elaborate discussion on diet and general mode of life; then he proceeds to draw up certain light medicines as a supplement, but it must have taken an extensive apothecary’s shop to turn out the twenty-two prescriptions designed to meet every possible contingency.