incident to old age.”  Scores of manuscripts of his work must have existed, but they are now excessively rare in Italy.  The book was first printed at Pavia in 1478, in a small folio without figures.  It was very often reprinted in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.  The quaint illustration shows us the mediaeval method of teaching anatomy:  the lecturer sitting on a chair reading from Galen, while a barber surgeon, or an “Ostensor,” opens the cavities of the body.

I have already referred to the study of medicine by women at Salernum.  Their names are also early met with in the school of Bologna.  Mundinus is said to have had a valuable assistant, a young girl, Alessandra Giliani, an enthusiastic dissector, who was the first to practice the injection of the blood vessels with colored liquids.  She died, consumed by her labors, at the early age of nineteen, and her monument is still to be seen.

Bologna honored its distinguished professors with magnificent tombs, sixteen or seventeen of which, in a wonderful state of preservation, may still be seen in the Civic Museum.  That of Mundinus also exists—­a sepulchral bas-relief on the wall of the Church of San Vitale at Bologna.(19)

     (19) For these figures and for points relating to the old school
     at Bologna see F. G. Cavezza:  Le Scuole dell’ antico Studio
     Bolognese, Milano, 1896.

The other early mediaeval university of special interest in medicine is that of Montpellier.  With it are connected three teachers who have left great names in our story—­Arnold of Villanova, Henri de Mondeville and Guy de Chauliac.  The city was very favorably situated not far from the Spanish border, and the receding tide of the Arab invasion in the eighth century had left a strong Arabic influence in that province.  The date of the origin of the university is uncertain, but there were teachers of medicine there in the twelfth century, though it was not until 1289 that it was formally founded by a papal bull.

Arnold of Villanova was one of the most prolific writers of the Middle Ages.  He had travelled much, was deeply read in Arabic medicine and was also a student of law and of philosophy.  He was an early editor of the Regimen Sanitatis, and a strong advocate of diet and hygiene.  His views on disease were largely those of the Arabian physicians, and we cannot see that he himself made any very important contribution to our knowledge; but he was a man of strong individuality and left an enduring mark on mediaeval medicine, as one may judge from the fact that among the first hundred medical books printed there were many associated with his name.  He was constantly in trouble with the Church, though befriended by the Popes on account of his medical knowledge.  There is a Bull of Clement V asking the bishops to search for a medical book by Arnold dedicated to himself, but not many years later his writings were condemned as heretical.