the widest sense of the term.  Only a very few of the most intellectual nations have escaped from its shackles.  Nobody else has so clearly expressed the origins and relations of magic as Pliny in his “Natural History."(10) “Now, if a man consider the thing well, no marvaile it is that it hath continued thus in so great request and authoritie; for it is the onely Science which seemeth to comprise in itselfe three possessions besides, which have the command and rule of mans mind above any other whatsoever.  For to begin withall, no man doubteth but that Magicke tooke root first, and proceeded from Physicke, under the presence of maintaining health, curing, and preventing diseases:  things plausible to the world, crept and insinuated farther into the heart of man, with a deepe conceit of some high and divine matter therein more than ordinarie, and in comparison whereof, all other Physicke was but basely accounted.  And having thus made way and entrance, the better to fortifie it selfe, and to give a goodly colour and lustre to those fair and flattering promises of things, which our nature is most given to hearken after, on goeth the habite also and cloake of religion:  a point, I may tell you, that even in these daies holdeth captivate the spirit of man, and draweth away with it a greater part of the world, and nothing so much.  But not content with this successe and good proceeding, to gather more strength and win a greater name, shee entermingled with medicinable receipts and religious ceremonies, the skill of Astrologie and arts Mathematicall; presuming upon this, That all men by nature are very curious and desirous to know their future fortunes, and what shall betide them hereafter, persuading themselves, that all such foreknowledge dependeth upon the course and influence of the starres, which give the truest and most certain light of things to come.  Being thus wholly possessed of men, and having their senses and understanding by this meanes fast ynough bound with three sure chains, no marvell if this art grew in processe of time to such an head, that it was and is at this day reputed by most nations of the earth for the paragon and cheefe of all sciences:  insomuch as the mightie kings and monarchs of the Levant are altogether ruled and governed thereby.”

     (9) Breasted:  Development of Religion and Thought in
     Ancient Egypt, New York, 1912, p. 84.

(10) The Historie of the World, commonly called the Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus, translated into English by Philemon Holland, Doctor in Physieke, London, 1601, Vol.  II, p. 371, Bk.  XXX, Chap.  I, Sect. 1.

The second world-wide practice which finds its earliest record among the Egyptians is the use secretions and parts of the animal body as medicine.  The practice was one of great antiquity with primitive man, but the papyri already mentioned contain the earliest known records.  Saliva, urine, bile, faeces, various parts of the body, dried and powdered, worms, insects,