The second great advance in astronomy originated in America, and was in an entirely different direction, the application of photography to the study of the stars.  The first photographic image of a star was obtained in 1850, by George P. Bond, with the assistance of Mr. J.A.  Whipple, at the Harvard College Observatory.  A daguerreotype plate was placed at the focus of the 15-inch equatorial, at that time one of the two largest refracting telescopes in the world.  An image of [Greek:  alpha] Lyrae was thus obtained, and for this Mr. Bond received a gold medal at the first international exhibition, that at the Crystal Palace, in London, in 1851.  In 1857, Mr. Bond, then Professor Bond, director of the Harvard Observatory, again took up the matter with collodion wet plates, and in three masterly papers showed the advantages of photography in many ways.  The lack of sensitiveness of the wet plate was perhaps the only reason why its use progressed but slowly.  Quarter of a century later, with the introduction of the dry plate and the gelatine film, a new start was made.  These photographic plates were very sensitive, were easily handled, and indefinitely long exposures could be made with them.  As a result, photography has superseded visual observations, in many departments of astronomy, and is now carrying them far beyond the limits that would have been deemed possible a few years ago.

The third great advance in astronomy is in photographing the spectra of the stars.  The first photograph showing the lines in a stellar spectrum was obtained by Dr. Henry Draper, of New York, in 1872.  Sir William Huggins in 1863 had obtained an image of the spectrum of Sirius, on a photographic plate, but no lines were visible in it.  In 1876 he again took up the subject, and, by an early publication, preceded Dr. Draper.  When we consider the attention the photography of stellar spectra is receiving at the present time, in nearly all the great observatories in the world, it may well be regarded as the third great advance in astronomy.

What will be the fourth advance, and how will it be brought about?  To answer this question we must consider the various ways in which astronomy, and for that matter any other science, may be advanced.

First, by educating astronomers.  There are many observatories where excellent instruction in astronomy is given, either to the general student or to one who wishes to make it his profession.  At almost any active observatory a student would be received as a volunteer assistant.  Unfortunately, few young men can afford to accept an unpaid position, and the establishment of a number of fellowships each offering a small salary sufficient to support the student would enable him to acquire the necessary knowledge to fill a permanent position.  The number of these scholarships should not be large, lest more students should undertake the work than would be required to fill the permanent paying positions in astronomy, as they become vacant.