Magnetization Curves.  This quality of iron is best shown by the curves of Fig. 89, which illustrate the degree of magnetization set up in various kinds of iron by different magnetizing forces.  In these curves the ordinates represent the total magnetization =B=, while the abscissas represent the magnetizing force =H=.  It is seen from an inspection of these curves that as the magnetizing force =H= increases, the intensity of flux also increases, but at a gradually lessening rate, indicating a reduction in permeability at the higher densities.  These curves are also instructive as showing the great differences that exist between the permeability of the different kinds of iron; and also as showing how, when the magnetizing force becomes very great, the iron approaches what is called saturation, that is, a point at which the further increase in magnetizing force will result in no further magnetization of the core.

From the data of the curves of Fig. 89, which are commonly called magnetization curves, it is easy to determine other data from which so-called permeability curves may be plotted.  In permeability curves the total magnetization of the given pieces of iron are plotted as abscissas, while the corresponding permeabilities are plotted as ordinates.

[Illustration:  Fig. 89.  Magnetization Curve]

Direction of Lines of Force.  The lines of force set up within the core of a helix always have a certain direction.  This direction always depends upon the direction of the flow of current around the core.  An easy way to remember the direction is to consider the helix as grasped in the right hand with the fingers partially encircling it and the thumb pointing along its axis.  Then, if the current through the convolutions of the helix be in the direction in which the fingers of the hand are pointed around the helix, the magnetic lines of force will proceed through the core of the helix along the direction in which the thumb is pointed.

In the case of a simple bar electromagnet, such as is shown in Fig. 90, the lines of force emerging from one end of the bar must pass back through the air to the other end of the bar, as indicated by dotted lines and arrows.  The path followed by the magnetic lines of force is called the magnetic circuit, and, therefore, the magnetic circuit of the magnet shown in Fig. 90 is composed partly of iron and partly of air.  From what has been said concerning the relative permeability of air and of iron, it will be obvious that the presence of such a long air path in the magnetic circuit will greatly reduce the number of lines of force that a given magnetizing force can set up.  The presence of an air gap in a magnetic circuit has much the same effect on the total flow of lines of force as the presence of a piece of bad conductor in a circuit composed otherwise of good conductor, in the case of the flow of electric current.