R = Resistance in ohms
L = Inductance in henrys
C = Mutual (shunt) capacity in farads
[omega] = 2[pi]_n_ = 6.2832 times the frequency
S = Shunt leakage in mhos

The quantity S is a measure of the combined direct-current conductance (reciprocal of insulation resistance) and the apparent conductance due to dielectric hysteresis.

NOTE.  An excellent paper, assisting such study, and of immediate practical value as helping the understanding of cables and their reasons, is that of Mr. Frank B. Jewett, presented at the Thousand Islands Convention of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, July 1, 1909.

     Chapter 43 treats cables in further detail.  They form a most
     important part of telephone wire-plant practice, and their uses
     are becoming wider and more valuable.

Possible Ways of Improving Transmission.  Practical ways of improving telephone transmission are of two kinds:  to improve the lines and to improve the apparatus.  The foregoing shows what are the qualities of lines and the ways they require to be treated.  Apparatus treatment, in the present state of the art, is addressed largely to the reduction of losses.  Theoretical considerations seem to show, however, that great advance in apparatus effectiveness still is possible.  More powerful transmitters—­and more faithful ones—­more sensitive and accurate receivers, and more efficient translating devices surely are possible.  Discovery may need to intervene, to enable invention to restimulate.

In both telegraphy and telephony, the longer the line the weaker the current which is received at the distant end.  In both telegraphy and telephony, there is a length of line with a given kind and size of wire and method of construction over which it is just possible to send intelligible speech or intelligible signals.  A repeater, in telegraphy, is a device in the form of a relay which is adapted to receive these highly attenuated signal impulses and to re-transmit them with fresh power over a new length of line.  An arrangement of two such relays makes it possible to telegraph both ways over a pair of lines united by such a repeater.  It is practically possible to join up several such links of lines to repeating devices and, if need be, even submarine cables can be joined to land lines within practical limits.  If it were necessary, it probably would be possible to telegraph around the world in this way.

If it were possible to imitate the telegraph repeater in telephony, attenuated voice currents might be caused to actuate it so as to send on those voice currents with renewed power over a length of line, section by section.  Such a device has been sought for many years, and it once was quoted in the public press that a reward of one million dollars had been offered by Charles J. Glidden for a successful device of that kind.  The records of the patent offices of the world show what effort has been made in that direction and many more devices have been invented than have been patented in all the countries together.