take up the sticks;’ because, the punishment generally consisted in beating the offender.  At the time of the annual corn-feast, the sticks were laid down, and could not be again taken up for the same offence.  But it seems that originally there had been a superiority among some of the clans.  That of the Wind, had the right to take up the sticks four times, that of the Bear twice, for the same offence; whilst those of the Tiger, of the Wolf, of the Bird, of the Root, and of two more whose names I do not know, could raise them but once.  It is obvious that the object of the unknown legislation, was to prevent or soften the effects of private revenge, by transferring the power and duty from the blood relatives to a more impartial body.  The father and his brothers, by the same mother, never could belong to the same clan, as their son or nephew, whilst the perpetual changes, arising from intermarriages with women of a different clan, prevented their degenerating into distinct tribes; and checked the natural tendency towards a subdivision of the nation into independent communities.  The institution may be considered as the foundation of the internal policy, and the basis of the social state of the Indians.”

[Footnote A:  Stephen Ruddell’s manuscript account of the Shawanoes, in possession of the author.]

[Footnote B:  John Johnston.]

[Footnote C:  Mitchell.]

One mode of ascertaining the origin of the Indian tribes, and of determining their relation to each other, as well as to other races of mankind, is the study of their language.  This has, at different times, engaged the attention of several able philologists, who have done much to analyze the Indian languages, and to arrange in systematic order, the numerous dialects of this erratic people.  The results of the investigation of one[A] of the most learned and profound of these individuals, may be summed up in the three following propositions: 

1.  “That the American languages in general, are rich in words and in grammatical forms, and that in their complicated construction, the greatest order, method and regularity prevail.

2.  “That these complicated forms, which I call poly synthetic, appear to exist in all those languages, from Greenland to Cape Horn.

3.  “That these forms appear to differ essentially from those of the ancient and modern languages of the old hemisphere.”

[Footnote A:  Mr. Duponceau.]

In a late learned dissertation[A] on this subject, it is stated that in nearly the whole territory contained in the United States, and in British and Russian America, there are only eight great families, each speaking a distinct language, subdivided in many instances, into a number of dialects belonging to the same stock.  These are the Eskimaux, the Athapascas (or Cheppeyans,) the Black Feet, the Sioux, the Algonkin-Lenape, the Iroquois, the Cherokee, and the Mobilian or Chahta-Muskhog.  The Shawanoes belong to the Algonkin-Lenape family, and speak a dialect of that language.  It bears a strong affinity to the Mohican and the Chippeway, but more especially the Kickapoo.  Valuable vocabularies of the Shawanoe language have been given by Johnston and by Gallatin in their contributions to the American Antiquarian Society, which may be consulted by those disposed to prosecute the study of this subject.