[98] See descriptions of the disease called scurvy, in Pyrard de Laval’s Voyage (Hakluyt Society’s translation, London, 1890), ii, pp. 390-392; and Jesuit Relations (Cleveland reissue), iii, pp. 51, 53.

[99] See the full and interesting description given by Pyrard de Laval (Voyage, ii, pp. 180-214) of the Portuguese trading vessels on the India line (naus de carreira), practically the same as the Spanish vessels described by Rios Coronel; and of their construction, equipment, crews, lading, management, etc.  On p. 214 is an engraving of one of these great ships.

[100] See decrees relating to this in Vol.  XIV, pp. 182, 270.

[101] This is the fiber obtained from the husk of the cocoanut; the word is of Indian origin, and from it is derived the English “coir.”  See, with description of the manner in which this fiber is manufactured into rope in India, Pyrard de Laval’s Voyage, i, pp. 250, 285:  ii. pp. 374, 443.

[102] Obispo de anillo:  a bishop in partibus (see Vol.  VIII, p. 68).  The Spanish dictionaries define obispo de anillo as auxiliary or suffragan, bishop.  The Academy’s dictionary adds:  “To these bishops the pontiff assigns one of the churches formerly owned by them, but now in the power of heathen.”  Consequently the de anillo becomes equivalent to in partibus infidelium.  A bishop in partibus is one consecrated to a see which formerly existed, but which has been, chiefly through the devastations of the followers of Mahomet, lost to Christendom.  The creation of such bishops exists from the time of Leo X; but they existed de facto from the time when the first Christian see became vacant from hostile inroad or through the action of a hostile government.  The Moorish conquest in Spain resulted in many of such bishops fleeing to the still unconquered parts, where they wandered from place to place, with no particular duty, but officiating as opportunity offered.  This state of affairs led to great abuses, for a bishop whose see was in partibus would often enter some remote portion of the diocese of a more fortunate brother, and there exercise, in various ways, without the permission of the bishop of the diocese, his episcopal office.  Clerks whom their own bishop would not have promoted to priests’ orders often received through the agency of these wandering bishops the ordination which they desired.  A decree of the Council of Trent forbade that abuse.  The title in partibus was often given in Protestant countries, where to appoint a bishop to a local see would have aroused hostility.  Besides the vicars apostolic in a non-Catholic country, the vicars of cardinal-bishops, auxiliary bishops in countries where it is usual to appoint them, and papal nuncios, usually have their sees in partibus infidelium.  They can attend general councils, and, since they are considered as truly wedded to the churches of which they bear the titles, they cannot be appointed to other sees except upon the conditions common to all episcopal translations.  By a decree of the Propaganda, February 28, 1882, the formula in partibus infidelium was abolished, and non-resident bishops are to be known as “titular” bishops of their sees.  See Addis and Arnold’s Catholic Dictionary.