INTRODUCTION

Among the stories of world-wide renown, not the least stirring are those that have gathered about the names of national heroes.  The AEneid, the Nibelungenlied, the Chanson de Roland, the Morte D’Arthur,—­they are not history, but they have been as National Anthems to the races, and their magic is not yet dead.

In olden times our forefathers used to say that the world had seen nine great heroes, three heathen, three Jewish, and three Christian; among the Christian heroes was British Arthur, and of none is the fame greater.  Even to the present day, his name lingers in many widely distant places.  In the peninsula of Gower, a huge slab of rock, propped up on eleven short pillars, is still called Arthur’s Stone; the lofty ridge which looks down upon Edinburgh bears the name of Arthur’s Seat; and—­strangest, perhaps, of all—­in the Franciscan Church of far-away Innsbrueck, the finest of the ten statues of ancestors guarding the tomb of the Emperor Maximilian I. is that of King Arthur.  There is hardly a country in Europe without its tales of the Warrior-King; and yet of any real Arthur history tells us little, and that little describes, not the knightly conqueror, but the king of a broken people, struggling for very life.

More than fifteen centuries ago, this country, now called England, was inhabited by a Celtic race known as the Britons, a warlike people, divided into numerous tribes constantly at war with each other.  But in the first century of the Christian era they were conquered by the Romans, who added Britain to their vast empire and held it against attacks from without and rebellions from within by stationing legions, or troops of soldiers, in strongly fortified places all over the country.  Now, from their conquerors, the Britons learnt many useful arts, to read and to write, to build houses and to make roads; but at the same time, they unlearnt some of their own virtues and, among others, how to think and act for themselves.  For the Romans never allowed a Briton any real part in the government of his own country, and if he wished to become a soldier, he was sent away from Britain to serve with a legion stationed in some far-distant part of the empire.  Thus it came about that when, in the fifth century, the Romans withdrew from Britain to defend Rome itself from invading hordes of savages, the unhappy Britons had forgotten how to govern and how to defend themselves, and fell an easy prey to the many enemies waiting to pounce on their defenceless country.  Picts from Scotland invaded the north, and Scots from Ireland plundered the west; worst of all, the heathen Angles and Saxons, pouring across the seas from their homes in the Elbe country, wasted the land with fire and sword.  Many of the Britons were slain; those who escaped sought refuge in the mountainous parts of the west from Cornwall to the Firth of Clyde.  There, forgetting, to some extent, their quarrels, they took the name of the Cymry, which means the “Brethren,” though the English, unable to understand their language, spoke of them contemptuously as the “Welsh,” or the “Strangers.”