even if the duty should be collected from the Philipinas exports as from the others, it would not amount to two hundred pesos of eight reals each year; for all those goods were articles of luxury, and in very small quantity.  I sent your Majesty an official report of this in my letter of February 17, 606.  On August 19 of the same year, I received a reply, ordering me to make no change so long as the trade did not increase to such an extent that I thought it inadvisable; and in such case to advise your Majesty of it confidentially.  Consequently, since there will be no greater exportation from Nueva Espana of like commodities from that kingdom [i.e., Espana]—­where there are no others, and whence only these would be sent—­the same thing would result. [61] One errs in saying that those goods are desired in Manila and Xapon, since cloth stuffs (the only thing lacking to them) besides being a merchandise of so great value that he who would export them so far to the Philipinas would lose them—­are not used, because of the heat; and in Xapon, where the cold might make them sought, they cost very little, for the natives clothe themselves with the taffetans of that country, and use cotton quilts.  Consequently, I have also answered what was alleged concerning the increase of the duties that would accrue to your Majesty from the export duties in Espana and the import duties at Manila.

The other argument namely, that Espana would be filled with products from China and Xapon—­may be conceded to them; but it remains for them to show us the utilty that would accrue to them, after the goods had been obtained.  For I, on the contrary, regard them as a very great harm, since with those goods would cease the present industry [in Espana] of the raising of silk, its weaving and trade; and all this would be exchanged for what is so much poorer and of so little durability.  It is a fact that even now we are experiencing that, and are discovering here the harm caused by even the small quantity of silk of this class [i.e., the Chinese silk]; it comes mixed with that of Espana, in almost all the velvets and taffetans brought from Espana, for in but two days’ time they become useless.

That by this means would be prevented the exportation of silver from Nueva-Espana, is an opinion that one might value and thank them for, if they were not trying to withdraw the silver from another and more important region, where the harm would be greater.  But, supposing that what now goes from Mexico will be sent later from Castilla and Andalucia, it seems that the only utility will be found in the less occasion [for buying Chinese goods] that each of those provinces would have, so that the export of silver would be in smaller quantity.  That is to be regulated by the wealth of each province, and by their facilities for diverting it.  All the silver that Nueva-Espana obtains now comes from its own provinces, or is brought from the provinces of Peru.  The bulk of it is