[32] For quite another estimate of these youthful commanders, see ante, p. 97.

[33] This was Fray Juan Pinto de Fonseca.

[34] This difference in time when sailing east and west, was commented on by many early writers.  Acosta (History of the Indies, Hakluyt Society’s publications, London, 1880) says “seeing the two Crownes of Portugall and Castille, have met by the East and West, ioyning their discoveries together, which in truth is a matter to be observed, that the one is come to China and Iappan by the East, and the other to the Philippines, which are neighbours, and almost ioyning vnto China, by the West; for from the Ilands of Lusson, which is the chiefe of the Philippines, in the which is the city of Manilla, vnto Macao, which is in the Ile of Canton, are but foure score or a hundred leagues, and yet we finde it strange, that notwithstanding this small distance from the one to the other, yet according to their accoumpt, there is a daies difference betwixt them....  Those of Macao and of China have one day advanced before the Philippines.  It happened to father Alonso Sanches, ... that parting from the Philippines, he arrived at Macao the second daie of Maie, according to their computation, and going to say the masse of S. Athanasius, he found they did celebrate the feast of the invention of the holy Crosse, for that they did then reckon the third of Maie.”  Acosta then gives the reason for this difference.  See Vol.  I of this series, p. 22, note 2.

[35] A species of pelican (Pelicanus sula).

[36] The modern province of Bungo is located on the eastern side of the island of Kyushu, on the Bungo Channel.

[37] It is prohibited by us that the Audiencia of Filipinas should grant licenses [for anyone] to go to the provinces of Peru.  We order that all the audiencias of Nueva Espana keep and observe this law, and that those of Peru do the same in regard to Nueva Espana.”  Ordinance 27, Toledo, May 25, 1596. (Recopilacion de leyes, lib. ix, tit. xxvi, ley lxi.)

“The governor of Filipinas shall not concede leave to any soldier or any other person who shall have gone there at the cost of our royal treasury, to leave or go out of those islands unless there be very urgent causes; and in this he shall proceed with great caution and moderation.”  Madrid, March 29, 1597. (Recopilacion de leyes, lib. ix, tit. xxvi, ley lxii.)

“It is advisable that the citizens of the Filipinas Islands shall not leave them, and especially those who are rich and influential.  In consideration of this, we order the governors to proceed with great moderation in giving passports to come to these kingdoms or those of Nueva Espana, for thus it is important for the preservation of the people of those islands.  And in consideration of the fact that the passengers and religious who come are numerous, and consume the food provided for the crews of the vessels, we order the governors that they avoid as far as possible the giving of passport to the said passengers and religious, in order to avoid the inconveniences that result and which ought to be considered.”  Segovia, July 25, 1609; and San Lorenzo, August 19, 1609. (Recopilacion de leyes, lib. ix, tit. xxvi, ley lxiii.)