[8] Luis Geronimo de Cabrera, fourth Conde de Chinchon, became viceroy of Peru in 1628, holding that office until 1639.  During his term there was made known the efficacy of a medicine—­previously in use among the Indians—­the so-called “Jesuit’s bark,” or “Peruvian bark,” obtained from a tree found only in Peru and adjoining countries, named Chinchona by Linnaeus, in honor of the viceroy’s wife (who, having been cured by this medicine, introduced its use into Spain).  From this bark is obtained the drug known at quinine.

[9] Whenever any ships sail from the port of Acapulco and other ports of Nueva Espana to make the voyage to Peru on the opportunities permitted, it is our will and we order our officials of those ports to visit and inspect those ships with complete faithfulness and the advisable rigor.  They shall endeavor to ascertain whether such ships are carrying any Chinese silks or merchandise, or any from the Filipinas Islands.  They shall seize such, and declare those found as smuggled goods.  They shall divide them, and apply them as is contained in the laws of this titulo. [Felipe IV—­Madrid, April 9, 1641.  In Recopilacion de leyes, lib. viii, tit. xvii, ley xv.]

[10] See note to law lxviii, p. 33.

[11] See Vol.  XIV, note 12, p. 99.

[12] Latin, Bacchanalia.  In Latin countries, the three days before Ash Wednesday are given up to boisterous outdoor merriment, which frequently degenerates into coarse and licentious revelry.  Hence, the expression “Bacchanalia” Carnival.  In order to counteract these abuses, the Jesuits at Macerata in Italy, introduced, in 1556, some special devotions during the three days.  The Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament was held in the church, this custom was adopted by St. Charles Borromeo, in Milan; and it gradually extended to other places, and was developed subsequently into “The Devotion of the Forty Hours,” which is not confined to the Carnival season.  This is the explanation of the term “Bacchanalia,” in connection with that church ceremony—­Rev. E.I.  Devitt, S.J.

[13] Evidently referring to the capture of van Caerden’s fleet by Heredia (see note 26, post).

[14] Flagellation in the Philippines was a custom probably taken from the early Spanish friars, but it has been so discouraged of late years by the church that it is performed only in the smaller villages of the interior and in the outlying barrios of the larger towns, more or less secretly, away from the sight of white men.  Especially is it prevalent during Holy Week.  Although the Philippine flagellants are called “penitentes” the flagellation is not done in penance, but as the result of a vow or promise made to the diety in return for the occurrence of some wished-for event, and the “penitentes” are frequently from the most knavish class.  The fulfillment of the vow is a terrible ordeal, and begins back of the small chapel called “visita”