NORTHERN BUDDHISM IS ITS DOCTRINAL EVOLUTIONS

[Footnote 1:  On the Buddhist canon, see the writings of Beal, Spence Hardy, T. Rhys Davids, Bunyiu Nanjio, etc.]

[Footnote 2:  Edkins’s Chinese Buddhism, pp. 43, 108, 214; Classical Poetry of the Japanese, p. 173.]

[Footnote 3:  See T.A.S.J., Vol.  XIX., Part I., pp. 17-37; The Soul of the Far East; and the writings of Chamberlain, Aston, Dickins, Munzinger, etc.]

[Footnote 4:  Much of the information as to history and doctrine contained in this chapter has been condensed from Mr. Bunyiu Nanjio’s A Short History of the Twelve Japanese Buddhist Sects, translated out of the Japanese into English.  This author, besides visiting the old seats of the faith in China, studied Sanskrit at Oxford with Professor Max Mueller, and catalogued in English the Tripitaka or Buddhist canon of China and Japan, sent to England by the ambassador Iwakura.  The nine reverend gentlemen who wrote the chapters and introduction of the Short History are Messrs. K[=o]-ch[=o] Ogurusu, and Shu-Zan Emura of the Shin sect; Rev. Messrs. Sh[=o]-hen Ueda, and Dai-ryo Takashi, of the Shin-gon Sect; Rev. Messrs. Gy[=o]-kai Fukuda, Keu-k[=o] Tsuji, Renj[=o] Akamatsu, and Ze-jun Kobayashi of the J[=o]-d[=o], Zen, Shin, and Nichiren sects, respectively.  Though execrably printed, and the English only tolerable, the work is invaluable to the student of Japanese Buddhism.  It has a historical introduction and a Sanskrit-Chinese Index, 1 vol., pp. 172, T[=o]ki[=o], 1887.  Substantially the same work, translated into French, is Le Bouddhisme Japonais, by Ryauon Fujishima, Paris, 1889.  Satow and Hawes’s Hand-book for Japan has brief but valuable notes in the Introduction, and, like Chamberlain’s continuation of the same work, is a storehouse of illustrative matter.  Edkine’s and Eitel’s works on Chinese Buddhism have been very helpful.]

[Footnote 5:  M. Abel Remusat published a translation of a Chinese Pilgrim’s travels in 1836; M. Stanislais Julien completed his volume on Hiouen Thsang in 1858; and in 1884 Rev. Samuel Beal issued his Travels of Fah-Hian and Sung-Yun, Buddhist Pilgrims from China to India (400 A.D. and 518 A.D.).  The latter work contains a map.]

[Footnote 6:  B.N., p. 3.]

[Footnote 7:  B.N., p. 11.]

[Footnote 8:  Three hundred and twenty million years.  See Century Dictionary.]

[Footnote 9:  See the paper of Rev. Sh[=o]-hen Ueda of the Shingon sect, in B.N., pp. 20-31; and R. Fujishima’s Le Bouddhisme Japonais, pp. xvi., xvii., from which most of the information here given has been derived.]

[Footnote 10:  M.E., p. 383; S. and H., pp. 23, 30.  The image of Binzuru is found in many Japanese temples to-day, a famous one being at Asakusa, in T[=o]ki[=o].  He is the supposed healer of all diseases.  The image becomes entirely rubbed smooth by devotees, to the extinguishment of all features, lines, and outlines.]